LATA KARANJA

[CAESALPINIA CRISTA]

 

LATA KARANJA, is a large scan dent prickly shrub. Botanical name is caesalpiniaclista Linn .Sothahara is considered as one of the most potent quality of the drug along with Jwaragana.

LITERARY REVIEW

‘Putika’ or ‘Atika’ terms are found in the vedic literature. It is described in connection with ‘soma’ and in fact described as the substitute for soma. Some commentators consider this plant as a grass, while other accept it as a creeper like soma. P. V. Sharmaji identifies it with caesalpiniaboundaries.

Though its description appaears to be involved with some controversy in the samhita, Nighantu and yoga granthas elaborated its utility in therapeutics.(CRAS made it’s seed powder as one of the important ingredients in Ayush. 64 (a drug evaluated for malaria. The name kuberasaka is more popular today hence the preparation kuberasaka. It is an effective remedy for acute pain abdomen (anti spasmodic, Malarial fever, irritable bowel syndrome (as reported by Dr. K. Nishteswar} and other conditions. Folklore apply its leaf paste for scrotal swelling effectively.

 

SYNONYMS & ITERPPRETATIONS

Latakaranja:A scandent shrub or a drug which similar property of Karanja but grows as a scandent shrub.

Puthykaranja: Having a foetid smell or bad odour

Kantakikaranj :It has thorns all over the plant and fruits.

Vitapakaranja: Has got bad odour

Kuberaksha: The seeds are lead coloured and is said to be like the eyes of Kubera the god of wealth

Dusparsha : Difficult to touch because of the presence of thorns on the plant

Vajraviraka : Seeds are head like that of diamond

Kantapphala : Fruits with wiry Prickles

Ganadaksha : Thecolourof the seed indicates the cornea of a race who are rich

 

DIFFERENTVARITIES

 

As it is already described by Bharamisrain the content of Karanja , it has got three varities.

 

• Kantakakaranja
• GhrtaKaranja
• Karanji

 

GANA OR VARGA

• According to SusruthaSamitha :Adhobagahara
• Kula :Shimbikula

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

 

English – Bonduct nut, Fever nut, Nicker tree.

Hindi – KantaKaranja

Malayalam – kalanchikkru

Tamil – KazharShikkay

Telgu – Gachchakaya

PARTS USED

• Root bark
• Leaf
• Seeds

 

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Seeds contain

• L – r – ethylideneglutamic acid
• Amino acids
• L-B-r – caesalpins
• Caesalpin – F baunducellineetc

Other Chemical constituents are

• Bonbucin
• Sitosterol
• Phytosterol
• Heptocosanc

 

PPROPERTIES

Rasa – Tikta ,Kashaya

Guna – Laghu, Ruksha

Virya – Usna

Karma – Tridoshahara, varnaropana ,Sothahara

Vipaka – Katu

INDICATION

• Sotha
• Yakrtroga
• Pliharoga
• Vrana
• Sula
• Grahani
• Prameha
• VisamaJwara
• Kustha

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION

• Sothagna
• Jwarahara
• Raktasatambaka
• Vedanasthapana
• Kaphaghna
• Swasahara
• Kusthaghna
• Yakritejaka
• Virechana
• Amavatahara
• Arshoghna
• Kaphavatasamaka

THERAPEUTIC USES

• SULA– Kuberaksa alone or along with Haritaki ,Lavana and Hingu is of definite use
• JWARA – Seed kernel of Kuberaksa and ativisa are powdered and given with equal quantity of sugar at a dose of 250 mg
• ATISARA – Seed kernel of Kuberaksa should be taken with kanjika
• RAKTATISARA -The seed kernel of latakaranjashould be given with sour gruel in the morning.
• IN AGNIMANDYA – the tender leaves of kuberaksha should be taken in the morning with hingu mixed with bidalavana
• SEED POWDER – is useful in vishamajwara
• IN SOTHA – Seeds are grounded with Erandapatra and applied

FOLKLORE USES:

• Application of it’s leaf paste or seed paste over hydrocele which reduce the scrotal swelling effectively
• Women put on the necklace made by seeds of this plant on red thread as precautions against Miscarriage
• Seed considered being powerful tonic. It’s also used in fever by oraon, Mundo in Ranchi district

 

RESEARCH STUDIES

• The nuts were found to have significant anti – diarrhoeal activity in mice [ Iyengar and Pendse]
• The alcoholic extract of the root and stem are found to have anti – viral activity against vaccina virus[Ohar]
• The powdered seeds are found to have anti estrogenic activity in mice and rabit.Anti – infertility action of the seeds was noted in mice and rats [ Bhide]

MATRA OR DOSAGE

• Bijamajjachoorna – 5 to 20 gms
• Patraswarasa – 10 to 20 ml
• Moolachoorna – 10 to 15 gms

YOGA FORMULATIONS

• VisamajwaraghniVati
• Kuberaksataila

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kushmanda:- Benincasa hispida.thunip

INTRODUCTION

 

Genus name was given to it by famous italian botanist Gaetano salvin in 1518 to honourGuseppebeninosa an Italian paron of botany.He called plant as Benincasahispida which means hairy.

IN ‘taitiryopanishad’ kushmanda is designated as for ritual practices as it’s the case with other vedictexts.vishnudarshana mentioned it among vegetables.

Brihattrayi’s have described it under phalavarga and its use is limited to mainly in mutravikara’s and apasmara. All nighantus quoted it extensively.

Dhanvantarinighantu mentions it as the best.

SYNONYMS &INTERPRETATIONS

Pushpaphala:-Fruit carry the ruminant of flowers.

Peetapushpa:-Flowers are yellow coloured.

Brihatphala:-Fruits are big in size

Sthiraphala:-Fruits are hard.

Valliphalottama:-Fruits is considered best among cucurbitaceae family.

Kushmanda:-Seeds does not possesushnata.

Kumbaphala:-Fruits are like pitcher.

Somasrishta:-Fruits are watery.

VERNACULAR NAMES

 

Hindi:-petha,kumbherha,bhalua

English:-white gourd melon

Malayalam:-kumpalam

Kannada:-budhikumpala

Tulu:-karkumbuda

Tamil: -pusanikka

Telugu:budidajummea,gummadi

Punjabi:-petha

Bengali:-kumarha

Marathi:-kohala

Gujarathi:-bhurumkohulu

Arabic:-mahadav

Nepali:-kubindo

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Fruits :- Contain starch ,protein,minerals,an alkaloid(cucurbitine),vitb,sugar& other substance.

Seeds:- Yield a fixed oil which possesantihelmenthicproperties,seeds oil is pale yellow.

Fruit:-Has moisture 96%,protein-0.4%,fat-0.1%,matter-0.3% &vit b,21 iu,carbohydrate-3.2%.

DOSAGE

• Phala choorna:10-20g
• Beeja choorna;3-6g
• Beeja taila:5-10ml
• Swarasa:30-60ml

FORMULATIONS

KUSHMANDA RASA:(bangasena ,apasmara)

(bhavaprakasa,madhyamakanda)

Kushmandagrita:(bhavaprakasa,madhyamakanda)

( Charakasamhitasutrasthana)

Khandakushmandaavaleha-(bavaprakasha ,amlapittadhyaya)

Vasakhandakushmandaka-(chakradutta,raktapittachikitsa)

Kushmandaksharam-(bhavaprakasa,madhyamakhanda)

Kushmandayogam-(bhavaprakasa ,asmarirogadhyaya)

Kushmandaswarasam-(cakradutta,asmariroga)

 

PROPERTIES & DOSHAGNATA

Rasa:-Madhura

Guna:-Laghu ,snigdha

Virya:-Sheeta

Vipaka:-Madhura

DOSHAGNATA:-vata-pitta samaka

Sarvadosahara(pakvaphala/ripe fruits)

KARMA

 

Medhya Balya Nidrajanana Santapahara Dahaprasamana anulomana

RAJA NIGHANTU

Trishnanigrahana Krimighna Hridya Raktapittasamaka

DHANVANTARI NIGHANTU

 

 

Shonitastapana Puphusabalya Khayahara Mutrajanana sukravardaka

BHAVAPRAKASHA

 

Sandhaniya Balya Brahmana

KAYADEVA NIGHANTU

 

PRAYOGA

1. Unmada
2. Apasmara
3. Mastishkadaurbalya
4. Smrutibrishta
5. Manasaroga
6. Vibanda
7. Udarasoola
8. Trishna
9. Daha-jwara
10. Daurbalya
11. Hrudaurbalya
12. Kshaya
13. Rajayakshma
14. Puffusavikara
15. Kasaswasa
16. Raktapitta
17. Amlapitta

 

THERAPUTIC USES

The juice of the fruit pulp is very useful in haemoptysis and other internal discharges and beneficial in pthisis.

Drug is a tonic ,brain tonic carmintive,diuretic,refrigerant,antihelmenthic,haemostatic,vitaliser.it pacify thist burning sensation brin and raktapitta.its wholesome for heart ,body life being rasyana&bhramana promoting dhatu.

Seeds specially oil obtained from seed of drug kushmanda are useful in abdominal worms specifically tapeworms.

 

BOTANICAL NAME : STRYCHNOS NUX- VOMICA LINN.

FAMILY : LOGANIACEAE

 

LITERARY REVIEW

 

Visamustika is mentioned by susruta is the surasadigana.

Dalhana in this context described it as Raja Nimba. Sodhala denoted it as visa tinduka while Bhava misra described it as kakatinduka or kupilu, Kaiyadeva quoted a drug visamusti which may be nux-vomica according to the author.

Rajanighantu described five kinds of visamusti viz. visamusti , kesamusti, sumusti, Anumustika and ksupadodi^.[1]

 

 

DIFFERENT VARIETIES

 

In ethnomedicine other species of the same genus are in vogue in Telangana area of Andra Pradesh. The author noticed that these species are being used in the name of different kinds of ‘mushini’.

Strychnos cinnamomifolia root bark extract showed muscle relaxant activity is one of the other species in vogue^.

 

SYNONYMS AND INTERPRETATION

 

• Kupilu – The fruits are like that of Pilu.
• Tinduka – The Fruits are like that of Tinduka.
• Jalatha – Prefers watery place or cool place.
• Kaka Tinduka – Grown in forests liked by birds like that of Tindu fruits.
• Kakapiluka– It grows in forests like that of Pilu tree .
• Kakendu– The pulp is liked by crows.
• Visatinduka– The fruits are like Tinduka fruits which is sweet but the seeds are poisonous.
• Neelasara / Kakaskantha– The wood is dark or black is colour.
• Spanthana – Increase the pulse rate and blood pressure.
• Remyaphala– The fruits are very attractive.
• Kakakoodaka – The fruits are having poisonous seeds.
• Thanuka – The leaves have prominent veination.
• Karaskara– A tree having poisonous nuts.^[4]

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

 

• English – Nux vomica
• Hindi – Kuchala
• Telugu – Mushini ginjatu
• Bengali – Kunchita
• Marathi – Kajara
• Gujarati – Jherkuchata
• Tamil – Yettikottai
• Kannada – Kanjira
• Malayalam – Kanniram
• Arbic – Habbul gurav
• Orissa – Kachila ^[1,2,3]

 

 

 

 

PARTS USED

 

Seeds, Root bark.

 

 

DOSAGE

 

Powder: 60 – 250 mg.

 

FORMULATIONS

 

• Agnitunti vati – angimandhya
• Vatagajankusa rasa
• Kriminudgara rasa – krimiroga nashanardha
• Visatinduka taila – kushta,vatarakta
• Visatinduka vati
• Karaskara ghrta-sodha, daha,sandhipida,

vatarakta^[1]

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

 

The seeds contain two important alkaloids namely strychnine and brucine. They also contain vamicine, colubrine, logamines glycoside and fatty substance upto 3% alkaloids. Total content of the alkaloids ranges from 2.6 % to 5.3% of which approximately half proportion is of strychnine, but bark yields only brucine.^[1]

PROPERTIES AND DOSHAGNATHA

• Rasa – Tikta, Katu
• Guna – Laghu, ruksa, tiksna
• Virya – Usna
• Vipaka – Katu
• Dosakarma – Vatakaphasamaka^[1]

 

KARMA

• Kapha vatahara
• Vishaghna
• Grahi^[1]

 

PRAYOGA

 

• Kandu
• Kustha
• Vatsroga
• Vrana
• Arsas^[1]

 

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION

 

• Vatajanaka
• Madakaraka
• Grahi
• Kaphaghna
• Pittaghna
• Raktavikarahara
• Dipana
• Pacana
• Uttejaka
• Balya
• Vajikara
• Hrdayottejaka
• Raktabharavardhaka^[12]

THERAPEUTIC USES

 

• Visuci – Kupilu, Navasadara and Hingu are to be fried on fire individually and mixed together. The powder is made into pills with and given orally.
• Jvara – Purified kupilu and marica powder equal quantity is made into pills by grinding with the decoction of Indrayava fruits and given orally.
• Agnimandya – Kupilu , Navasara& Hingu are made into pills with lemon juice and taken orally.^[1]

 

 

 

FOLKLORE

Mixtures of Nux vomica were used as gastro intestinal stimulants, increasing appetite by stimulation of pevistalsis. Strychnine also increases the flow of gastric juice.

Alternative medicine systems have suggested strychinos for a wide range of medicinal problems liver cancers, various gastrointestinal complaints, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation intestinal irritation, heartburn, insomnia, nervous conditions menopausal problems.

Powered seed used for atonic dyspepsia.

Seeds used in rheumatism, paralysis, asthma, diabetes, piles.^[12]

 

RESEARCH WORKS

• Strychnine showed remarkable negative chronotropic activity on frog isolated heart and guinea pig atria
• Strychnine increased level of acetyleboline in spinal cord and sustained convulsions in frog heart.
• Strychnine inhibited nicotinic stimulation of catecholamine release from bovine cultured adrenal chromaffine cells in concentration dependent manner it is also inhibited nicotine induced membrane depolarization and increase intracellular 2 + Ca++ Concentration. Results suggest that strychnine interacts with against binding site of nicotinic acetyl chorine receptors in chromaffine cells, thus exerting pharmacological effect independent of glycine receptor. ^[1]
• os nux-vomica

Kunduru

(Boswellia Serrata Roxb)

 

The drug Kunduru is nothing but the gum obtained from Shallaki tree. Shallaki is a huge tree bearing small white flowers; it is found in most of the forests in the temperate regions of India. The Shallaki is quoted by Charaka under Pureesha Virechaniya group while Susrutha mentioned it under Shodhati Gana. Its bark and gum are the useful parts. Gum is separately mentioned as Kunduru by Bhavamishra.

Whereas Dalhana described Kunduru as Shallaki Kopa i.e. gum of Shallaki. Bhava Mishra categorized Kunduru and Shallaki separately under Karpooradi Varga and Vatadi Varga respectively. The plant is mentioned as Boswellia serrata and explained under the family Burseraceae.

 

LITERARY REVIEW

The compilation work has been done on the drug Kunduru.

It has been described by Sushrutha in Rodhradi gana, Eladi gana and Kashaya Skanda gana.

Charaka described it under Pureesha Virechaneeya gana, Kashaya Skanda gana and Shiro Virechana gana. Bhavaprakasaha quoted it under Vatadi Varga, Dhanwantari and Shodala quoted it under Chandanadi Varga. In Nighantu Adarsha it is quoted under Guggulvadi Varga.

SYNONYMS

 

 

• Shallaki: – शलति चलति कर्मिनि | लक्ष्यते अस्वाध्यते च गजैर्ति | शल चलने लक आस्वादने |

• Ashwamutri: – अश्वस्य मूत्रमिव स्रावो अस्य: |

• Kunduruki: – कुन्दुरुर् निर्यासो अस्या: |

• Gajabhaksha: – गजानां भक्षं भोजनं |

• Thrayasthraphala: – त्रयस्त्रं त्रिकोणं फलमस्या: |

• Bahusthrava: – बहु स्रावन इति प्रभुत स्रावे अत्यर्तः

• Maherana: – महान्तं गजमिरयति प्रेरयतीति |

• Mocha: – मुञ्चति निर्यासं इति |

• Vanya: – वने जाता |

• Surabhi: – सुगन्धि: |

• Surabhistrava:- सुरभि: सुगन्धि: स्रव स्रावो अस्या: |

• Hladani :- ह्लादयति सुगन्धेनिति |

• Ashwamuthri

• Shadeekani

• Gajapriya

• Suvaha

• Madagandika

• Gandamula

VERNACULAR NAMES

 

 

 

• English :- Indian olibanum, Boswellia gum
• Hindi :- Kunduru
• Telugu:-Anduka Bunka, Kunduru, Guggilamu, Sambrani.
• Kannada :- Guggulu, Madi
• Malayalam :- Kundurukkam, Sambrani
• Tamil :- Paranki Samprani
• Bengali :- Salai
• Gujarat :- Saleda

 

Botanical Source

 

• Botanical Name: – Boswellia serrata Roxb
• Family: – Burseraceae

 

OFFICINAL PART

 

 

 

• NIRYASA
• KANDA TWAK

 

DOSAGE

• Twak choorna:- 1 – 3g

 

• Twak Kwatha:- 20 – 50ml

 

• Niryasa:- 5 – 40g in amenorrhea
  • 1 – 3g usually
• Oil:- 10 – 20ml

 

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

 

The gum of Boswellia serrata ie Kunduru, contains three triterpenic acids known as ά, β, δ Boswellic acids, Ursan type compound with pentacycline triterpens.

Resin yields acids, diterpine alcohol serratol. Oil from Oleo resin of Indian plant contains high content of ά- theyine.

Leaves contain essential Oil.

Bark contain, β sitosterol, Carbohydrate and glucosides.

RASA PANCHAKA

 

Rasa: – Madhura, Tiktha, Katu

 

कुन्दुरु:मधुरस्तिक्तस्तीक्ष्ण स्वत्वच्य: कटुर्हरेत् |

(B.P)

Guna: – Laghu, Teekshna

 

Virya: – Ushna.

 

Vipaka: – Katu.

 

 

KARMA

 

 

Doshakarma: – KaphaVatahara

 

Rogaghnakarma: – Twacchya

 

• Pureesha Virechaneeya
• Deepana – Pachana
• Grahi
• Vatanulomana
• Mutrala
• Kapha Nisaraka
• Jwaraghna
• Shothahara
• Vrna Ropana
• Vrna Shodhana
• Raktha Stambha

 

 

 

 

INDICATION

 

 

 

• Aamavata
• Kushta
• Mukha Roga
• Jwara
• Athisara
• Jeerna Jwara
• Jeerna Khasa
• Twak Dosha
• Arshas
• Aruchi
• Mutrakrcchra
• Mutra dourgandhya
• Aasya dourgandhya

 

 

 

 

THERAPEUTICS

 

• Pitta Abhishyanda: – The gum of Shallaki is mixed with Sugar and honey and used as eye drop/collyrium.(SU.U:10)
• Chronic Ulcers: – As astringent, in the form of ointments it is useful in Chronic Ulcers, diseased bones in which it promotes absorption. The resin rubbed in Coconut Oil or Lemon Juice is in application to foul ulceration.
• In Gonorrhoea: – In Syphilitic cases and Gonorrhoea it is mixed with Ghee and prescribed.
• In Pulmonary diseases: – It is mixed with Coconut Oil and is applied to soles as a Stimulant, like in diseases like Bronchitis, Chronic laryngitis and Bronchorrhoreae.
• In Foul breath: – It is mixed with acacia’s gum and administered.

If taken for a period of time in one Ounce dose, it is said to reduce Obesity.

• Conjunctivitis: – The exudate of Palasha and Shallaki mixed with Sugar and Honey should be applied to eyes in Conjunctivitis caused by Pitta. (su.su 10/7)
• Bronchial Asthma: – Smokes should be inhaled of Thurooska, Shallaki, Guggulu and Padmaka mixed with Ghee.

(su.su.u 51/52)

• Shwasa:-Shallaki Choorna taken along with Ghritha or Madhu and licked.
• Vrna:-The wound is washed with the decoction and other drugs.

(Bha.Ni)

• In Syphilis:-Gum resin is the main constituent of an Ointment for Soles and with butter is used.

FOLKLORE USES

 

1. Obesity: – Taken for a period of time in one ounce dosage. It is said to reduce obesity.
2. Abscess: – Bark, Gum and Resin are used.
3. Foul Breath: – Mixed with Acacia’s gum and administered.

DRUG MARKETING

Some of branched formulation containing Boswellia serrata available in market are:-

Shallaki:-

Capsules

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic property relieves joint pain.

60 Capsules costs R.s 75/-

Dose: – 1 Capsule twice daily.

Boswellin:-

Capsule or tablet

Soothing pain relieving cream containing Capsaicin

Products contains boswellic acid

Taken orally 2 or 3 times a day.

Niltan

Cream in a 15g tube for external application

It reduces the activity of enzyme tycostinase within the skin, thus diminishes production of melanin, which results in reduction of dark skin formation.

Rheumatic X

Contain 20 mg Shallaki

Indications: – Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout, Osteo arthritis, Sciatic pain

2 Capsules twice daily.

RESEARCH

 

In Ayurvedic medicine Indian Frankiscene has been used for hundred years of healing arthritis. Extraction of Boswelia serrata have been clinically used for Osteoarthritis and Joint function, particularly for Osteoarthritis of Knee.

Positive effects of Boswellia in some chronic inflammatory disease includes Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bronchial Asthma, Osteoarthritis, Ulcerative condition and Crohn’s disease have been reported. It is also used in the macroscopic and microscopic Colitis.

Topical Application:-

Boswellia serrate has been recently developed for topical use in a patient pending formula in Sano Relief gel.

Potential and Anti-Cancer Activity:-

Boswellic acid, an extract from Boswellia serrata has been studied and anti – neoplastic activity, especially in experimental primary and secondary brain tumours, indicating potential efficacy from inviteo and limited Clinical research.

SPECIAL INFORMATION

In Ayurvedic medicine Kunduru – the gum resin of Boswellia serrate Roxb has been used for hundreds of years treating arthritis. Extracts of Boswellia serrate Roxb have been clinically studied for Osteoarthritis and Joint function, particularly for Osteoarthritis of Knee.

Boswellia extract is marketed under the name Wokvel has undergone test for human efficacy and comparative, pharmacokinetic studies. Some see Boswellia serrata Roxb as a promising alternative for NSAID (Non – steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), warranting further investigations in the pharmacological studies and clinical trials.

Boswellia serrata Roxb is used in the manufacture of the ‘supposed to be’ anti – wrinkle agent ‘Boswelox’.

 

Khubakala(Sisymbrium Irio L)

INTRODUCTION

 

Family Cruciferae is one of the most wide spread plant Kingdom. Most of the plants belonging to this family are of economic importance, being either very common food (care, 1955) plants or constitute important articles in oil (Winton, 1946) production. Moreover, many members of the family have wide applications in folk medicines. Sisymbrium Species is one of Cruciferae members which have many uses in folk medicines in treatment of Inflammation and Rheumatoid (Bolus – 1983), By reviewing the literature this genus was found to contain Flavanoids (Khanetal 1991)Itziard 1982, Rizket.al..1986 and Lock wood &Fsharypuor 1986], alkaloids anthraquinones [Arayno and Zapor, 1983] oils, steroids (Soulier, 1994) and glycosides (Kretset al..1987).Some workers mentioned that SisymbiumIrio has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-microbial activities.

While SisymbiumOfficinale has a role in treatment of Voice disorders (mayeret.al.1994).On the other hand Sisymbiumthellungii showed anti-oxidant activity [Lindsey et.al, 2002].

SisymbriumIrio L (Cruciferae) is widely distributed in Saudi Arabia (migahed.1996, collenete, 1999). The seeds were used as expectorant and as Febrifuge [Ghazanfar, 1994]. Reviewing the current literature, few reports were found dealing with SisymbriumIrio L. Some worker studied the fixed oil percent, Fatty acid and oil composition of the sedds [Rauf and Ahmed 2004, Al – Qudah and Abuzarga 2010].

Three Flavanoids and two sitosterols were isolated from seeds and aerial parts of SisymbriumIrioL.could be used for dietary purposes, due to the amount and diversity of nutrients and protein (35%) content (Guil et.al.1988).The ethanol extract from the seeds of SisymbriumIrioExhibited significant antipyretic and analgesic activities in addition to marked anti-bacterial action with no effect against fungi.

Due to the high nutritional value and the use of SisymbriumIrio L.in folk medicine with no published data about the Saudi Arabia species, we found that it’s worthy to carry out phytochemical and pharmacological study on it.

 

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

• English : Hedge mustard, London Rocket
• Hindi : Khaksi, Aslio,Khubkaln
• Arabic : Khubb, Khuban
• Punjab : JangliSarsan
• Sindh : Maktarusa
• Persian : Khubakalan, Khaksi, Khakachi
• Urudu : khubakalan
• Kannada : Khubakala
• Malayalam : Khubakala

 

PARTS USED

• Flowers
• Leaves
• Seed

 

DOSAGE

 

• Choorna – 3 to 6 g

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Ten Flavanoids–

• Apigenin
• Apigenin -7-galactoside
• Apigenin -7-0-B-d glucoside
• Luteolin – 7-0 – glucoside
• Apigenin -7-di glucoside 5.
• Apigenin -7-0-[6 actetyl] glucoside.
• Apigenin -7-0- gluco -[6-1] Rhamnoside
• Apigenin -5-methoxide
• Kampferol
• Kampferol – 3 –xyloside – 7 – galactoside.

 

PROPERTIES AND DOSHAGHNATA

• Rasa: -Katu
• Guna: – Guru, Snigda, Sara, Picchila
• Veerya: -Ushna
• Vipaka: -Katu
• Doshaghnata:-Vathashaamaka, Balya, Swedani, Kaphahara
• Karma: -Brhmana, Balya, Jwaragna.

 

KARMA

Doshakarma:-

• Vatashamaka
• Kaphanisaraka

Samsthanika Karma:-

1. Bahya – Shothahara, Vedanashamaka
2. Aabhyantara

• Pachanasamsthana –
  • Vatanulomana
    • Trshnanigrahana
    • Chardinigrahana
  • Shwasanasamsthana – Kaphahara
  • Thwacha – Swedajanana

 

PRAYOGA

• NetraShotha :- KhubakalaLepana is given
• Visuchika: -Khubakala is made into arka form and is taken internally.
• ShwasaKhasa :- Khubakala is given as Avaleha
• TwakVikara: -KhubakalaLepana is done.
• SthanaShotha: -Lepa is done externally.

 

FOLKLORE USES

• Young shoots & seeds of Khubakalaare dried and powdered to flavor the dishes.
• In traditional Folk medicine the plant has been used as a mild laxative, diuretic, expectorant.
• In olden days this drug has been used to heal stomach ailments.
• In France, this plant was used to be widely known as singer’s plant as it is having great properties to treat the voice.
• In Greece it was believed that this plant was an anti-dote to all poisons.
• This seed can be dried, ground into a powder than mixed with water and used as Gruel.

 

THERAPEUTIC USES

The drug Kula or Khakasi commonly known as Khubkalan is an expectorant(Kaphanisaraka or Chedana) medicine which is given in Cough, Asthma and hoarseness or sore throat (Kasa, Svasa, Swarabheda).It is taken in fever with Cough and allied symptoms. Drug is also specific in fevers particularly eruptive fevers in order to early appearance of eruptions and gradually lowering down the temperature in febrile condition of patient as the drug is diaphretic and digesting immature rasa.

The seeds of plants drug are externally as well as internally used. In flatulence and Gastro enteritisthe seeds powder mixed in aqua rose is taken to cheek over thirst and vomiting.

 

PHARMACO THERAPEUTIC

Seeds:-

• There expectorant restorative and stimulant.
• They are used in the treatment of Asthma.
• Seeds have been placed under the lids of sore eyes in order to cause weeping and there by wash foreign matter out of the eyes.
• Externally they are used as a stimulating poultice.
• The ethanol extracts from the seeds exhibit significant anti-pyretic and analgesic activities.
• The seeds also have anti-bacterial action.

Leaves:-

• They are used in treating infections of throat and chest.

 

RESEARCH STUDIES

• The median lethal dose of the extract was determined in mice & found to be greater than 500mg/kg body weight, suggesting that this plant is non – toxic.
• Anti-oxidant activities were assessed for all extracts and fractions and isolated compounds and showed anti-oxidant activity, with apigenin – 7- 0 galuctoside being the most potent.

st Indian Reprint 2007, Page No :207.

Khatmi (Althea officinalis)

BOTANICAL SOURCE

 

• Botanical name : Althea officinalis
• Family : Malvaceae

VERNACULAR NAMES

• Hindi : Khatmi,Gulkhairo
• English : Marsh mallow
• Sanskrit : Khatmi,Picchilamula,supuspa
• Arabian : Baer-ul-Khtmk
• Tamil : Shemaitute
• Urdu : Khatmi,Khitmi
• Duch : Heemst
• German : Adewarzeal,Eibisch
• Italian : Altea,allisch
• Persion : Gulkhairo

PROPERTIES

• Rasa : Madhura
• Guna : Snigdha,Picchila,Guru
• Virya : Sita
• Vipaka : Madhura

Doshakarma

Vatapittasamaka, Kaphanihsaraka

 

INDICATION

• Antrasotha-antravarodha
• Pravahika
• Pratisyaya-kasa
• Mutrakrchra-mutradaha
• Vranasodha-Phuphusasotha
• Kanthasotha

KARMA

• Snehana
• Anulomana
• Slesmahara
• Sodhahara-Vedhanasthapana
• Mutranjanana

Accoding to modern:-

This plant is supportive and emollient internally,the flowers act as expectorant and the root is demulcent.

According to unani:-

The root and seed are supportive emollient analgesic

 

PARTS USED

• Flowers
• Carpels
• Leaves
• Root
• Seed

 

 

DOSAGE

 

• Powder:- 3-6g

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

A flavonol, Glycosoid-herbacin-isolated, kaempferol,

Its 3-glucoside,quercetin, its 3-glucoside,Cyanidin-3-glucoside and three ratinoside isolated.

Root of Althea officinalis contains

• Mucilage 35%
• Starch 37%
• Gum nearly 20%

Some uncrystalizable sugar made and a crystalizable principle and other unimportant constituents.The crystalline principle of althea seems to be identical with the aspari of asparagus.

 

THERAPUTIC USES

• The root of the plant drug is suitable for uses as medicine.Roots are quite mucilaginous and roots need to be utilized after peeling off their outer bark.Root is pleasantly odourous,light and slightly sweet or sweetish in taste.Roots give ash on burning.
• Seeds and leaves are externally applied to inflammation,localized oedema or swelling,boil,painful organ.Decoction of infusion of seeds and flowers is given in cough and respiratory disease as it effects as demulcent medicine in respiratory tract.Seeds are also mucilaginous and given in diarrhea.Dysentery,urinary burning sensation and intestinal inflammation.Roots are mainly antiphlogistic and anti-cough and in corsya and dry cough,the decoction of roots,seeds and flowers is given.Trophical effect is also analgesic of drug beside other medicinal properties.
• It is an emollient and is used in making absorbent pills and pestilles.Leaves are useful in preparation of a soothing ointment.
• The roots are available in market as Resha Khatmi and used as a drug in medicine.Flowers commonly known as Tukhma Khatmi besides other parts like stem,leaves,gum are used for medicinal purpose.

 

• The flowers of Khatmi are useful in the form of infusion of bronchial catarrh,cough and bronchitis.Flowers are externally applied over burns;root,seed, leaves,stem, and gum are medicinally besides flowers.
• The flower of Althea officinalis are cooling and diuretic,they are useful in rheumatism,decoction is used as demulcent in affection of respiratory organ

FOLKLORE USES

 

The leaves,flowers and the root of Khatmi all have medicinal properties. It is claimed to increase the flow of brest milk.

Khatmi is traditionally used for the irritation of mucous membrane,including use as a gargle for mouthand throat ulcers,and gastric ulcer.

The root has been used since the middle Ages in the treatment of sour throat.The root extract sometimes as flavouring in the making of a Middle Eastern snake called Halva.The flowers and young leaves can be eaten and are often added to salads and boiled and fried.

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RESEARCH STUDIES

• Basch E,Ulbricht C,Hammerness. P, Vora M.Marshmallow(althea officinalis)monograph.J Herb Pharmacother.2003
• Bucchi S,Vogelin R,Von Eiff MM,Ramos M,Melzer J,open trial to assess aspect of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme.Torsch komplementarmed klass,Naturheilkd 2005 Dec 10:328-32
• Blumenthal M,Goldberg A,Brinckmann J.Herbal medicine,explained commission E Monographs.Newton ,MA Intergrative 2000:244-248
• Brinker I,Herb contraindication and drug Intraction:2^nd sandy,or:Electric medical publication,1998:99
• Franz G,polysaccharides in pharmacy,current application and future concepts.Planta Med 1989;55:493-497
• Newall C,AndersonL,Phillipson J Herbal medicine:A Guide for Health care professional,Londaon,England,Pharmaccutical press;1996:1888.
• Nosal Ova G,Strapkova A,Kardosova A,Capek P,Zathureck L,Bukovaka E(Antitissve action of extracts and polysaccharides of marshmallow L,var,robusta) Pharmazie 1992;47(3) 224-226
• Scbulz V,Hansel R,Tyler V,Rational Phytotherapy;A,Physician guide to herbal Medicine,4^th Berlin Germany Springer,2000:29,182
• Sutovska M,Nosalova G,Tranova S,KArdosova A:The antirussive activity of polysaccharides from althea officinalis L,Var Robusta,Arcrium Lappa L…var Herkules And prumus persica L,Batsch Bratist Lek Listy 2007:108(2):93-9