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_{PICRORHIZA KURRUO SCROPHURACEAE}

 

Katuki is indicated for the treatment and management of pandu and grahani mainly.

The names katuka and katukarohini are used for majority of times in the brihathrayi works.

Sharangadhara quoted it as the example for Bhedana drugs.

 

VARITIES

There are two varities described in the work viz.,

1. Katukarohini (P.kurroa)
2. (E.paniculata).

SYNONYMS

 

• Asoka
• Katumbhara
• Katvi
• Chakrangi
• Matsyashakala
• Shakuladhani
• Krishnabheda
• Thiktha
• Rohini
• Arishta
• Ashokarohini
• Katurohini
• Kandaruha
• Matsyapitha

VERNACULARNAMES

 

English :Picorrhiza

Hindi :Kutki

Malayalam :Katukarohini

Kannada :Katukarohini

Punjabi :Kaundd

Marathi :KaliKatuki

Bengali:Katki

Urdu :Kutki

 

PARTUSED

 

• Root
• Underground Stem(Rhizome and Roots)

 

 

CHEMICALCOMPOSITION

 

Rhizome contains Picorhizin 26.6%, a bitter, crystalline glycoside which is medicinally potential and active chief substance. It is soluble in aqua, alcohol (90%), aceton, ethilacitate and other solvents. It also contains cathartic acid.kutkin was found to be a potent choleretic agent…

PROPERTIES

 

• Rasa :Tiktha
• Guna :Ruksha,Laghu
• Virya :Sitha
• Vipaka :Katu
• Doshakarma:Kapha-pittahara

 

KARMA

 

• Bhedana
• Lekhana
• Dipana
• Hridya
• Rochana
• Krimigna
• Pramehagna
• Sthanyashodana
• Daahaprashamana
• Jvaragna
• Pratibandhanaka
• Kushtagna
• Kaphagna

PRAYOGA

 

• Jvara
• Prameha
• Swasa
• Rakthavikara
• Daaha
• Kushta
• Krimi
• Arochaka
• VishamaJvara

THERAPEAUTICUSES

 

. In Hridroga- Katuka and Madhuka are taken with sugar water (C.S.Ci 28&A.H.Ci6)

. In Pandu – Katuka ,Athivisha,Ushira and chandana are collectively giving for internal usage(C.S.Ci7).

. In Kushta-A Mixture of Athivishachoorna.

. In kaphapittahara-Katuki with Mishri.

In Hikka-Katuki with gairikachoorna.

FOLKLOREUSES

 

• Stomachic
• Cholagogue
• Laxative
• Cathartic in large Doses
• Hydrochloric depressant
• Diuretic
• Hepato protective
• Anti pyretic

RESEARCHSTUDIES

 

• Hepato protective activity is noticed with decoction against Ccl4 -Induced hepatotoxicity in Rats.
• Alcoholic extract showed protection against Ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity.marked regressively of SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphates levels are noticed.
• Water soluble fraction of 90% alcoholic extract exhibited smooth muscle relaxant laxative and choleretic activities.
• Apomycin showed choleretiv action in the dog and also produced a moderate to marked relaxation of rabbit ileum etc;
• Ethanolic extract exhibited marked hydrocholeretic activity in anaesthetized dogs.

MATHRA

 

 

Powder :1-3 Gms

Powder : 5-1 Gms (bitter tonic)

Powder :3-6 Gms (purgative)

 

IMPORTANTFORMULATION

 

• Arogyavardhinirasa
• Tiktadyaghrta
• Katukadyaghrta
• Amritharishta
• JatyadiGhritha
• Kumaryasava
• Nimbadichoorna
• Rodrasava
• Vachaditaila
• Sudarshanachoorna
• PatoladiGritha
• Ayaskriti
• ManjishthadiTaila
• RasnadiChoorna
• TikthakaGritha

Karpasa(Gossypium herbaceum)

It is a perennial shrub and the flowers are Yellow color. It is cultivated for cotton in the black clay soil.

Both Charaka and Susrutha have highlighted the Vatahara property of Karpasa, the term Karpasi delineated by Brhat trayi appears to the either thespesia lampos Dalz & Gibs or Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb.

 

ABSTRACT

Gossypium herbaceum linn known as Karpasa belongs to the family Malvaceae is used in Ayurveda to treat various disease and for processing various formulation in Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana in the present study transverse section of fresh roots of Karpasa showed Cortex with pericycle fibres prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and starch grains Vascular handle shows the phloem above the Xylem. Xylem radially arranged with biseriater to multiseriate medullary rays presence of lysigenous cavity in the medullary ray is a special characters the physic – chemical parameters like pH of Karpasa ract (KR) was 7.2 the loss on drying was 6.47%w/w and the alcohol soluble extractive was 8.80%ww. TLC profile of Karpasa root showed Rf 0.04 & 0.50 at 254 nm frequency and at 366m respectively.

BOTANICAL SOURCE

 

• Gossypium herbaceum linn.
• Family:- Malvaceae
• Kula:- Karpasa Kula

VERNACULAR NAMES

English : Cotton plant

Hindi : Kapas

Kannada : Hatti

Malayalam : Panji

Tamil : Parathi

Telugu : Karpasimu

Gujarathi : Kapas vina

Punjab : Kapas

 

SYNONYMS

कार्पासी : कल्वय्त्था समाच्जादनं

आचछादनफला : आचछादवनं वस्रं फलाद्स्य

गुणासु : गुणात तन्तुन सुते

तुण्डीकेरी : तुण्ड वदाध्मानं फलमस्य

वटद: : वाटम् वस्रं ददाति

वदरी : बदर सद्रुश फलत्वात

CLASSICAL CATEGORIZATION

• Charaka : Bramhaniya
• Susrutha : Vatasamsamana

OFFICINAL PART

• Root
• Bark
• Flowers
• Seed

PROPERTIES

Rasa: – Katu (Root, Bark – Kashaya)

Guna: -Laghu, Teekshna ( Seed Snigdha)

Veerya: – Ushna

Vipaka: – Katu.

Doshagna: – Kapha – pitta shamaka

Karma:-

• Garbhashaya Samkochana
• Arthava janana
• Vedanasthapana
• Vrana Ropana
• Nadi poustika – balya (seeds)
• Pichhila (Leaf juice)
• Yakrt uthechaka
• Stanya Janana
• Matra Janana
• Vishama jwaraghna
• Balya

ROGAS

 

• Kastartava – Nastartava (Root)
• Stanya Kshaya (seeds) Pradara
• Klihatva (Seeds)
• Mutra Krcchra (Seeds & leaves juice)
• Daha Shrama – bhranti murcha
• Sitajvara (Seed)
• Vibandha (Seed)
• Pravahika (Leaf Juice)
• Yakrt Vikara Kamala (Flowers)
• Unmada – Apasmara (Seeds)
• Manasa Roga (Flowers)
• Dourbalya (Seeds)
• Pandu (Leaves)
• Hrdya
• Sandhi Vata – Sirosula
• Vrana – Ksata
• Apaci
• Masurika

THERAPEUTIC USES

 

The drug Karpasa is an aphrodiasic astringent diuretic emmenogogue and febrifuge. It is in all types of Uterus disorders anaemia, genito – urinary disease inflammation of poisoning of dhattura or dhatura and snake bite.

The drug is useful in different types of Uterus disorders anaemia genito – urinary diseases inflammation and poisons in various forms and modes by different parts at plant drug, besides internal uses of plant the cotton is applied as dressing material in Surgical and other ailments.

Vandhya – Its fruit paste is mixed with milk and given for Seven days

Kasa – Karpasathi (Seed coat of Karpasa) and Asvagandha are given as fumigation.

INDICATIONS

 

• Karna puya
• Karna nada
• Mutra Krcchra
• Anartava
• Kastartava

FORMULATIONS

 

• Karpasatyadi taila

DOSAGE

• Decoction : 50 – 100 ml
• Seed Powder : 3 – 6 gm

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Colouring matter (gosypiol) and starch effect on Tridosha pacifies Vata and Pitta.

RESEARCH

The research on cotton conducted by ICAR through CICR Nagpur and its regional stations and various Saus showed satisfactory achievements on the following major aspects.

• Avalability of huge collection of widely germ plasm accession in the National cotton Gene bank.
• A well-established research net work
• Availability of highly trained scientific man power
• All the four cultivated specifies of cotton are grown commercially
• Commercialization of hybrid cotton including inter and intra specific hybrids.
• Success in R & D efforts changed the countries position in cotton map of the world from net importer of cotton to net exporter of cotton.
• Availability of huge untapped potential in the form of stress resistant G.arboreum cotton for future Varieties /hybrids development programe

Kandira(Ranunculus sceleratus)

It is known by the name Ranunculus scleratus belonging to Ranunculacea.It has main action like Kaphavatashamaka,Deepana and Pachana.

Celery Buttercup (Ranunculus scleratus) is an annual or biennial hairless or sparsely hairy herb that grows up to80cm (but usually less than 50cm) high. It reproduces by seed only. While some occurrences of Celery Buttercup may be of large populations, most populations are of relatively few plants, however sometimes it grows thickly enough to impede water flow in Shallow channels and drains. It is known to be a serious weed of watercourses and marshy fields in North America. The greater cause for concern is it reportedly high toxicity to stock and humans if ingested in the fresh state. Cows have been known to die from eating considerable quantities of the plant and cattle deaths in casino, New South Wales were distributed to this plant .It is regarded as the most toxic species of Ranunculus ,the active component being protonemonin which causes blistering of the skin.

LITERARY REVIEW

 

Charaka mentioned it as Nasa swedana padu(c.s.ci.3/267& ka.1/25).It is used in the traditional medicine as emmenogogue and galactogoggue.We come across it description in Dhanwantari Nighantu.In Kaiyadeva nighantu Kandira is quoted as the Synonym of Karavellaka & Tanduliya and Raja Nighantu is mentioned under the Guduchayadi Varga.

SYNONYMS

Kandira: –Teekshna like Kanda Bana

Kanda Katuka:-It is having Katu Rasa

Nasa Swedana:-It is having Teekshna property

Thoyavalli:-It is more found in the places where the water content is more

Sukhanda:-The khanda is very beautiful and smooth.

Ugrakhanda:-Khanda is having Teekshna in property

Karavelaka:-It is having Tikta Rasa

VERNACULAR NAMES

• English : Celery-leaved crow foot
• Hindi : Jaldhamya , Devkamdar
• Kannada : Kandhira
• Malayalam : Kandhiram
• Tamil : Kandhiram
• Telugu : Kandhira
• Bihar : Palika
• Kumaon : Sim
• Arabic : Kabikajay
• Persian : Karafs dashti

PARTS USED

 

• Whole Plant
• Especially Leaves

DOSAGE

• Choorna – 1-3g

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

1) Anemenin 2) Protoanemenin

The chemical composition of the acrid and bitter juice of the butter cup is not well known, but it is thought that the substance is similar to the anemonine of the species of Anemone.The toxic principle is Volatile and the butter cups may be rendered harmless by drying or boiling.When dried with hay they may be eaten by stack without injury. When fresh they are acrid & burning causing intense irritation of mucous membrane and inflammation of intestinal tract. Some of Species are four entance R.represnt handly if at all injurious even in a green state although one case of a fatal poisoning to sheep has been recorded of these species.

Whole plant (except seeds) yields an essential oil containing protoanemonine (an evitant material) and serotonin.Anemonin is the active principle.

PROPERTIES

 

Rasa: -katu, tiktha

Guna: – Rooksa,Teekshna

Veerya: – Ushna

Vipaka: – Katu.

Dosakarma:-Kapha Vata Shamaka

Karma:-Bhedana, Deepana, Pachana

 

KARMA

 

• Kapha Vata Shamaka
• Bhedana
• Deepana
• Pachana
• Bahya
• Raktutklesha
• Krimighna
• Aartavajanana
• Rasa granthi Shotha hara
• Sara
• Spoto Janana

PRAYOGA

• Udara Roga
• Gulma
• Pleeha
• Udara shola
• Agni Mantha
• Krimi
• Rakta Vikara
• Charma Vikara
• Aamavata
• Vrana Ropaka
• Jantughna
• Rajarodha

THERAPEUTIC USES

• It is very irritant, Vesicant, toxic plant hence precaution should be taken while using it orally and due care is also desired when it is topically applied.
• The plant is considered useful in plague since the same is externally applied as a paste on glandular swelling or swollen gland in a plague.
• In general the paste is recommended for tropical application on swollen lymphatic glands
• In impotency the local application of drug is prescribed for which oil prepared with leaves and other parts of drug plant may be used externally.
• In addition the drug is locally applied to skin affections gout & rheumatic joints. Its external application is suggested to make as Germicidal.
• The drug is recommended as preventive prophylactic as well as curative remedy in plague diseases.
• The drug is useful in abdominal diseases, abdominal colic,splenic disorders,Dyspepsia,worms and other ailments of digestive system.It is useful in case of Dysmenorrhea.
• Externally the drug is applied to Ulcer & wounds but precaution is required keeping the intense irritant nature in view.
• Traditional practice of herbal drugs in rural or tribal region is making uses of Kandira or Joldhamy in some ailments and medicinal purposes.

 

• It also includes use of leaves or branches with leaves flowers & fruits for preparing oil under normal process of oil application.
• This oil is suggested to be applied externally over Penis for limited time. IN case of Impotency in order to strengthen erectile power of female genital organ, but a restricted application is a visible on its general
• External use always needs Precautionary considerations.

USAGE ACCORDING TO SYSTEM

 

Is more irritating than others of this botanical family as seen in the skin symptoms. Boring, yawning, pain very marked.pemphigus, periodicalcomplaints, fainting with pain in stomach.

1. Central Nervoussystem: – Gnawing in one spot left of Vertex.Frightful dreams about corpses, serpents, battles etc.Fluent coryza , with sneezing and burning micturition
2. Gastro Intestinal System(Mouth Ailments):-

Teeth and gums Sensitive. Tongue mapped denuded patches. Mouth sore and raw.Burning and rawness of tonque Ranunculus scleratus treatment for Abdomen ailments:-sensation of plug behind umbilicus .Pain over region of Liver, with sensation as if diarrhea would set in.Pressure as of a plug behind right false rib, worse, deep inspiration

• Organ- Stomach (Namdagni) , intestine(laxative)

3. Respiratory system (chest) Integument sensitive.Bruised pain and weakness in the chest every evening. Sore burning behind xiphoid cartilage.
4. Ranunculus scleratus treatment for skin ailments:- Vesicular eruption , with tendency to form large blisters ,Acid exudations ,which makes surrounding parts sore.

 

 

FOLKLORE USES

The whole plant is acrid, anodynje antispasmodic, diaforetic and emmenagogue and rubefacient when bruised and applied to the skin it raises a blister and create a sour that is by no means easy to heal. If chewed it inflames the tongue& produces violent effects. The herb should be used fresh since it loss it’s effect when dried. The leaves and root are used externally as an anti-rheumatic. The seed is tonic is used in the treatment of cold general debility rheumatism& spermatorria.

Chavya(Piper chaba.)

INTRODUCTION

 

Chavak/Chavya is named as Piper chaba belongs to Piperaceae. Dalhana quoted Chavya as the root of Raja Pippali. The fruits of Piper Cheba are considered as Raja pippali or Chavika. While its root is considered as Chavya. Both are used in Ayurvedicmateriamedica for a long time.

Bhava Mishra quoted the properties of Chavika&ChavikaShoola separately. He quoted the properties of Chavya to those of PippaliMoola.

It is climbing Glaborous creeper with bright red fruiting spikes. The fruits of Chavaka are known as Gajapippali to differentiate from Pippali, it is named as GajapippaliGaja notes. Its big size similarly Masthaka, the Majja of Tall tree is also sold as GajaPippali. The rhizomes of Chavya are tasty & very nice digestive. The longest fruit in Pipperaceae family belongs to Piper betel. So the Fruits of Piper betel can be used as Gajapippali.

GANA OR VARGA

Charaka: Triptigna, Arshogna, Deepaneeya, Shoolaprashamana.

Susrutha: Pippalyadi

Vagbhatta: Pippalyadi

Kula: Pippali Kula

Bheda: No Bheda

 

 

SYNONYMS

 

• Chavyaka
• Chavyanja
• Chavyaphala

VERNACULAR NAMES

• English: Java long pepper root, wild pepper
• Sanskrit: Chavya, chavila
• Telugu:Chavakam
• Kannada: Chavya
• Malayalam: Chavyam, kattumulaku and kaatukurumulaku
• Tamil: Chavyam, kattumilagu
• Hindi: Chab
• Bengali: Chair
• Marathi: Kankala, chavak

PROPERTIES

Rasa: Katu

Guna:Laghu, ruksha

Virya: Ushna

Vipaka: Katu

Karma: Kaphavatasamaka, dipana, pachana, kasagna, swasagna,

Arshogna, krimigna

Prayoga: Agnimandya, udarasula, arsas, atisara

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Stem: Piperine, sitosterol, piplatine( alkaloid )

New amides: Retrofractamide A,B,C&D, isolated from aerial parts

Mono terpens (thujene, pinene, camphene, salcenine, careen, myrcene, limonene, phellandrene), to 80% sesquiterpener, 20-30% oxygenated compounds.

Nontoxic, but irritant in high concentration, always dilute. Not compatible with homeopathic treatment, on extraction it gives colourless and pale orange coloured oils. It consist of apoite(43.3%), beta-caryophyllene(8.2%), pipertine(6.7%) and alpha heanalene(5.1%).

Oil contains gibbilimbods A-D(74.2%) with remaining major constituent having terpenes camphene (13.6%) and alpha pinene (6.5%).

Contains aromatic oils that are about 0.7%, piperine 4-5% and an alkaloid and pipalotine. Besides this it contains sesaman and piplasterol.

The root contains piperine 6.55-0.18% pippalotin (0.13-0.20%), piper ceaguminin, sterole and glycoside.

 

 

 

• Prayojyanga: Moola
• Matra: Choorna: 1-2gm

Yogas

• Chavyadigritha
• Kankayanavati
• Panjakola
• Shadushana
• Pranadagutika

 

THERAPEUTICS

Udara:Chavya + ardraka given along with milk. (su.chi 14)

Atisara: Tender leaves of chavika, root of swetha and ksheerivriksha are mixed with oil and administered oraly. (vai.ma)

These plants are shown tremendous potential for the development of new drug molecules, for various serious diseases. Piper chaba is used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of various pathological conditions.

The tribal population uses the plant for cardiovascular activities, anti-inflammatory activity and as a spice. The extract of these plants are having anti-inflammatory activity and bio availability enhances immune modulatory effect, anti-asthmatic and helpto protective activity.

FOLKLORE USE

The Chinese used this to treat malaria, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea and stomach complaints.

In Greece, it was used for fever and stomach problems. Pepper grains were sometimes swallowed whole as a general body tonic.

It is well known for musical treatments, poor circulation, arthritis and rheumatism, sprains, stiffness, also used in cold, flu, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, catarrh, and cough.

 

Candana(Santalum Album)

INTRODUCTION

 

Candana is an economic substance which is utilized for external application along with other herbs in Vedic Literature. Candana Mani Dharana (Crystal of Sandal wood) was considered to be Varcasya (Improves Complexion) & Ayusya (Provides Longevity)

As per Charaka it is best for removing the Foetid smell, burning sensation & external application (C.S.SU.25) Since it is Sheethala Veerya other varieties of Candana are traceable from Brhat trayees with various Synonyms. However Sweta & Rakta Candana are mainly described in these texts. But Nighantus such as Raja Nighantu, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Sodhala Nighantu, Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu explained many varieties for Candana. Daha prashamana can be considered as its main action. It eliminates Daha by its Seetha Veerya. It reduces pitta so that it can be indicated in Rakthapitta & Rakthastambhaka by Seetha veerya also.

.

LITERARY REVIEW

In Vedic Literature:-

The earliest allusion to this tree found in Niruktha. Later it has been leffond to The Dharmasutras, Grayasutras, Stavasutras. Candana has been used in India from early period & occupies an important place in Hindu cerimonies, Religious & Social. The oil of the wood is a plae yellowish liquid which actas an Internal antisceptic & as an astringent to the mucous surface & is principally used in the treatment of Gonorrhoea.

In Charaka Samhitha:-

It is considered as best for removing the foetid smell & burning sensation & external application (C.S.SU.25) Other varieties of Candana is mentioned in Brhat trayees with various Synonyms.

In Dhanwantari Nighantu:-

The Synonyms of Candana such Gardhasana, Maharha etc are mentioned. The properties distribution & Mukhya Aamayika prayoga is also explained.

In Kaiyadeva Nighantu

The synonyms such as Badrasriya, Malayasa etc are mentioned in Raja Nighantu, Sodala Nighantu, Bhavapraksha Nighantu different varieties of Candana are explained.

 

VARIETIES

Candana has 2 varieties mainly i.e Swetha & Raktha. Braht trayees also given these two varieties but there are many other varieties as per different Nighantu’s. Charaka quoted two varieties Swetha & Raktha itself. Vagbhatta quoted as ‘Sisiradvaya’. Later Arunadatta commensed these two as Swetha and Raktha.

According to Brhttrayees

• Swetha Candana – Santalum album.Linn.
• Rakta Candana – Pterocarpus sannalinus.Linn

According to Dhanwantari Nighantu

• Candana – Santalum album.Linn
• Rakta candana – Pterocarpus santalinum.Linn
• Kucandana – Caesalpinia sappan.Roxb
• Kaliyaka
• Barbarika

According to Sodhala Nighantu

• Gosirsa
• Sripriya
• Sambhrana
• Kukubha
• Barbarika
• Rakta candana
• Patanga
• Hari candana

 

According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu

• Candana – Santalum album.Linn
• Rakta candana – Pterocarpus santalinus.Linn
• Pita candana
• Kairata candana
• Barbara candana
• Hari candana – Syzigium aromaticum.Linn

According to Bhava Prakasa

• Candana – Santalum album.Linn
• Rakta candana – Pterocarpus santalinum.Linn
• Kaliyaka
• Kucandana – Caesalpinia sappan.Roxb

According to Raja Nighantu

• Candana – Santalum album.Linn
• Rakta candana – Pterocarpus santalinum.Linn
• Patanga – Caesalpinia sappan.Roxb
• Kaliyaka
• Barbarika
• Haricandana – Syzigium aromaticum

According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Candana from Malaya Desa is best, Yavana Desa has moderate venity & that from Barbara, Pancala are considered as inferior quality.

 

 

SYNONYMS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

 

• Gandhasara – its Sapwood possess excellent aroma.
• Sheetahal – It provide pleasure because of its aroma & cooling.
• Bhadrasri – Its application on body does not cause any Side effects.
• Malayasa – It’s abundantly grown on Malaya Mountains.
• Srikanda – It’s considered as part of beauty on beauty goddess.
• Swethacandana – This sandalwood is white compared to red sandal
• Chandradyathi – It gives pleasure like the moonlights
• Gandharajam – Good fragrance.
• Sarpavasam – Place where Snakes reside.
• Tila pannakam – Leaves resembles leaves of sesam.
• Sisira – Cold to touch.
• Himam – Cold in touch.
• Gandhasaram – its heartwood is aromatic in nature.
• Mangalyam – It is used in auspicious ceremonies.
• Sugantha – Sweet Scented.
• Gandhadyam – Aromatic in nature
• Gosiram – It is useful in auspicious matter.
• Badra – It does not cause any side effects.
• Nripaboga – Used even by Kings.
• Malayodbasa – It is origined from Malaya region.
• Pavana – It is cold to touch.
• Malayam – Obtained from Malaya region.
• Sirachandanam – It is white in colour.
• Susrekam – It is useful in auspicious matter.
• Maleyam – Obtained from Malaya.
• Indukandam It is cold like moon.

VERNACULAR NAMES

English:Sandal tree, White Sandal tree

Hindi:Safed chandan, Santal

Kannada:Bavanna, Srigandadamara, Agarugandha

Malayalam: Chandana

Sanskrit:Chandana

Tamil:Chandana

Telugu:Chandanamu, Gandhapucekka, Srigandapumanu

Bengali: Chandan

Guajarati: Sukhada

Arabic: Sandale abaya

Persian: Sandale safed

French: Sandal blare

German: Weisser santelbaum Hind

Punjabi: Safed chandan

Urudu: Sandal safed

PARTS USED

• Kanta Sara (Heart wood)
• Thaila (Volatile Oil)

 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

 

Sandalwood Oil

α – Santald, β – Sntene & Santalenes

Santenol, teresantlol, non – tricycloekosantalal, 1 – Santeone, Santanone, tetra santalic acid. α – & β Santantalic acids

Other parts

Santalic acid, n – ocacosanol, plamitone etc.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY

The precursors of Sandal oil do exists in the sapwood in combination with organic acid as easters which get easily hydrolysed to yield santatol, which constitute the main constituent of essential oil. The essential oil of sandal wood is distilled from small chips & raspings of the heartwood the tree. Roots are also used & they are considered to yield larger& finer quality oil. Oil is extremely viscid of a light yellow colour &possesses a characteristic roseate & penetrating ordour & bitterish slightly acid taste. Heartwood contains Volatile oil 2.5 – 6% dark resin & tannic acid. Oleum Santali obtained wood is Soluble in alcohol. Β – santalic, tetra sariatic, homricycloekasamalic, bycycloekasamalic & dihydro – β –santalic acids are detected in Sandal wood oil. Urs – 1z-en-3β-y1 palmitate & β sitosterol isolated from bark, epi – β- santalol, isolated & its structure determined, partial synthesis of betasantalol, beta santalol synthesized, isolation of trans – β – santalol & epi – sis – santalol, from Indian Sandalwood Oil.

PROPERTIES AND DOSHAGNATHA

Rasa: – Tiktha, madhura

Guna: -Laghu, Rooksha

Veerya: -Sheetha

Vipaka: – Katu.

Dosha Karma: -Kapha – pittahara, Pittagna by Tikta & Sita, Kaphagna by Laghu & Rooksha guna.

KARMA

Dh.Ni	Kai.Ni	Bha.Pra	Raja.Ni
Pitta Shamaka	Pittahara	Hladana	Vrishya
Rakthaprasadana	Vatahara	Sramahara	Jwaragna
Vrshya	Hrdya	Vishagna	Kustagna
Rakthapittagna	Hladanam	Kaphagna	Jwaragna
Vishagna	Varnya	Rakthapittagna	Kantikaraka
Krimigna	Vishagna		Kaphahara
	Kaphahara		Kantugna

PRAYOGA

Dh.Ni	Kai.Ni	Bha.Ni	Ra.Ni	Charaka	Susrutha
Rakthapitta	Trshna	Srama	Chardi	Daha	Prameha
Antardaha	Daha	Sosa	Jwara	Trshna	Visha
Trishna	Raktapitta	Visha	Krimi	Rakthapitta	Rudana
Daha	Klama	Trshna	Sanrupa	Prameha
Krimi	Sosa	Rakthapitta	Vakthraruja	Gurganda
	Granthi	Daha	Bramshi	Chardi
	Kota	Granthi	Kota	Visphota
	Kharpana	Kota	Kharpana	Sosha
	Sotha	Vyanga	Granthi	Rajayakshma
	Visha	Chardi	Gourava	Visarpa
	Murnughutha	Netraroga	Kheena	Vrna
		Jwara		Jwara
		Vrna		Hrdroga
		Visha		Athisara
		Masoorika		Netraroga
				Grahani
				Raktharsas

 

 

PHARMACO – THERAPEUTIC USES

• Diarrhoea with blood

Intake of Chandana along with Sugar & honey & rice water as an Anupana one become free from Daha, Trshna, Prameha (C.S.CI 19/86, A.H.CI 9/92)

• Intrinsic heamorrhage

Usira, Kaliyaka etc separately mixed with equal quantity of Chandana & Sugar & taken along with rice water (C.S CI 4/73).

• Bleeding Piles

Kutaja Kwatha mixed with Shunti checks bleeding from Piles (C.S.CI 14/185).

• Vomiting

Chandana taken along with Juice of Amlaka (C.S CI 20/32)

• Grahani

Chandandya ghrtha(C.S CI 152/28)

• Vataraktha

Chandanadi Kwatha in Pittaja jwara (S.S CI 5/8)

• Usnavata

One should take Chandana mixed with Sugar along with rice water keeping on diet of boiled cooled milk & cereals (V.M 33/10)

• Prameha

Sukrameha – Arjuna Kwatha & Chandana Kwatha (S.S CI 11/9), Manjishtameha – Kwatha of Manjishta & Chandana(S.S CI 11/9)

• Poisoning

Application of Paste of Chandana on Cardiac region (S.S KA 1/36)

• Hiccough

Juice of Masura palandu & Chandana mixed with breast milk as Snuff (CS CI 131)

• Pradara

Chandana Kwatha (SS SU 2/14)

• Pox

The Juice of Hilamochika mixed with paste of Chandana at the initial stages(B.P CI 60/35).

 

RECENT RESEARCH STUDIES

Australian Research on Santalum album began in 1983 in ORIA with Some 150 trees being planted. Plantings have steadily increased in recent years. Results of Preliminary plantings were sufficiently encouraging for the department of Conservation & hand management (CALM) to appoint a full time research officer in 1992 to work on the Sandal Wood pryaram Current research is examining the rate of growth of heartwood & Charges in Oil content overtime to determine the Optimum time to harvest the crop.

 

MATRA

• Powder: 3 – 6g
• Oil: 5 – 20drops

FORMULATIONS

Name	Indications	Reference
Chandanadi Lepa	Visphota Visha Madatyaya	Cha.visyapachi 56-58 Su.Ka 1/36 Cha.chi 24
Chandanadi Taila	Sotha Rajyakshma Jwara	Cha.chi 12 Ch.chi 8 Cha chi 3
Chandanadi choorna	Nabhipaka	Bha.pra.chi 79
Chandana Kashaya	Prameha Visarpa Ushnavata Pradara	Su chi 22 Cha chi 21 Vrnda madhava 33 Su sa 2
Chandana Kalka	Masoorika Chardi Arshas	Bha.p chi 60 Cha.chi 20 Cha chi 14
Maha chandanadi tailam	Tathivardhanarina	Bha.pra 72
Chandanadi Gritham	Sotha Grahani	Cha chi 12 Cha chi 15
Sudarshana Choorna	Jwara, Kamala, Pliha Vridhi	Bhai.ra.Jwarathikara
Chandanavalehya	Pittaja Chardi	Sharangadhara
Pippalyasava	Kshaya, Gulma, Grahani, Pandu	Sharangadhara
Shadangapaneeya	Jwara	Bhavaprakasha

Bola(Commiphora myrrha)

INTRODUCTION

 

The drug Bola is not described in the Brihathrayi texts. It is introduced through the Rasashasthra granthas and Yoga Shasthra granthas at the later times.

Commiphora myrrha is actually a nature African Plant and P.V Sharma is of opinion that the gum of Commiphora crythrae(zhrb)English is the Bola of Bhava Mishra. The later one is found in Somaliya which is known as Bissabol Myrrh.

The oleo gum resin of this plant is mixture of resin, gum and volatile oil and it contains tespens, esters etc. and is used in Vata Rogas, Anemia and Asthma etc.

Common myrrha orgum myrrh is a tree in the Burseraceae family. It is one of the primary trees used in the production of myrrh, a resin made from dried tree sap. The tree is native to Arabian peninsula and to Africa.

 

SYNONYMS

• Ganda Rasa:- It has a strong odour
• Pinda
• Prana:- used as a blood purifier
• Goparasa

GANA

This plant is not mentioned in classical Ayurvedic literature.

Kula: – guggulu kula

VERNACULAR NAMES

English : Myrrh

Hindi : Bol, Nisabal

Kannada : Bola, Gandha rasa

Sanskrit : Bola, Rasa gandha

Malayalam : Nasumbashamasam, Nasumbasa

Tamil : Vellaippapolam

Telugu : Balimtra-polam

BOTANICAL SOURCE

• Commiphora myrrha
• Family: Burseraceae

Prayojyanga

Gum – Resin

Mathra

Choorna: – half to 1g.

Niryasa: – 50 to 125 mg.

YOGA’S

1. Bola Parpati
2. Bola Badha rasa.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Commiferin, alfa and beta amyrones.

Oleo resin is a mixture of Resin, gum and volatile oil known as myrrhol, a hitter extract, Calcium, Phosphate, Carbonate and Other substance. It contains terpenes, sequeterpenes, esters, cumiti aldehyde and eugency.

The gum resin of Commiphora myrrha was found to contain 4.6% foreign impurities, 3.2% gum, 19.5% mineral matter consisting chiefly of Silicon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron and Aluminum. It also contains 1.45% of essential oil. The essential oil was found to contain 6.4% myrcene, 11% dimycrene and some polymyrcene. On systemic chromatographic sensation, the petroleum ether extract of the gum resin yielded Sesamin, Cholestrol and a few other steroids.

Guggulu has been found to be a complex mixture of a variety of Organic compounds and inorganic ions. The material was neutral in Character and free Organic acids were found only to the extent of less than 0-5%. On steam distillation it yielded an essential oil (11.5%) which was conveniently Segragated into hexane – soluble(9 to 11%), ethyl acetate – soluble fractions were found to be a complex blend of steroidal ketone, alcohols and aliphatic triols.

Many of a No: of steroids have been isolated and characterized. The structure elucidation of steroidal constituents viz, z- guggulsterone and ∑- guggulsterol, I, II and III have been established. Partial synthesis of guggulsterol II from diosgenin has also been reported. In addition, ditespenoid constituent’s cemsulene A and mubulol were isolated and their structures elucidated. Some fatty tetrols were also isolated.

 

PROPERTIES

Rasa: – Tiktha, Katu, Kashaya.

Guna: -Laghu, Rooksha

Veerya: – Ushna

Vipaka: – Katu.

Doshagna: – Tridosha shamaka mainly Kapha Nisaraka and Pitta virachaka.

 

SROTOGAMITWA

• Dhatu: – Rakta, Rasa
• Mala: – Mutra
• Organ: – Joints

KARMA

• Shleshmahara
• Putihara
• Rakta shodhana
• Mutrala
• Anulomana
• Krimigna
• Shothahara
• Stambhana
• Swedajanana
• Jwaragna
• Netrya
• Vata shamaka
• Vrna ropana
• Garbhashaya
• Vishudeekarana
• Medhya
• Vrishya
• Graahya
• Graha vatahara
• Sandaneeya
• Kushtagna
• Twachha
• Rudhi nashaka
• Agni deepaka
• Daha shamaka
• Apasmarahara
• Artava janana
• Uttejaka

 

PRAYOGA

• Anarthava
• Garbhashaya shathilya
• Sweda prathara
• Basthi shotha
• Kasa
• Swasa
• Kusta
• Vataroga
• Vatarakta
• Parsva soola
• Netra roga and Netra abhisyanda.
• Agnimandya, Vibhanda
• Apasmara
• Grdhrasi

 

THERAPEUTIC USES

Internal Uses

The gum resin is useful in dysentery, chlorosis, amenorrhoea and uterine affections. It is blood purifier, anti-helminthic, stomachachic, wound healer, aphrodisiac, anti desmatosis, diaphoretic and antipyretic, diuretic and emmenogogue. The gum resin is effective in respirative troubles.

It is also used as a blood purifier, cough, asthma, cattrhal affection, anaemia, dysmenorrhea, nerve complaints, gout, sciatica, rheumatic arthritis, epilepsy, piles, and ulcers, diseases of vocal cavity, ears and eyes. Used in dyspepsia, abdominal troubles and flatulence.

In condition of conjunctivitis the gum is applied after mixing with mother latex

External Uses

Used in Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, sciatica and in Oral diseases for gargling.

Bolam rubbed in human milk is used as eye drops in Conjunctivitis and purulent discharges.

The gum resin is applied over body parts affected with gout, joint pain, and rheumatism and sciatica complaints.

It is applied to wound and ulcers.

The gargle of warmmixed with resin is used in mouth and dental complaints.

ETHNOBOTANY

• In traditional medicine, myrrh is classified as bitter and spicy, with a neutral temperature.
• It is used to have special efficacy on the heart, liver and spleen meridians, as well as blood making powers to purge stagnant blood from the uterus. It is therefore recommended for rheumatic arthritis and is circulatory problems and for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menopause and uterine tumors.
• Myrrh’s uses are similar to those of frankincense, with which it is often combined in decoction, liniments and incene. When used in Concest, myrrh is blood moving while frankincense moves the, making it more useful for arthritic conditions.
• It is combined with such herbs a notoginseng, safflower petals, angelica sinesis, Cinnamom and saliva miltiorrhiza, usually in alcohol and used both internally and externally.