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Patola – Tricosanthes dioica Roxb

LITERARY REVIEW

According to Acharya charaka Tricosanthes dioicaRoxb is under Trptigna and Trsnanigrahana.

Susruta indicated it specifically for Vrana and Netrarogas.

He also advocated the administrated of Patola root during the eighth month of pregnancy.

It is considered as one among the PancaTiktas in Rasa Tarangini.

Patola is usually prescribed for pitta and Rakta vikaras.

VERNACULAR NAMES

• Sanskrit :Patola
• English :Pointed Gourd
• Hindi :Parval
• Kannada :Kadupadaval
• Telugu :Kommu Potla or Chedu Potla
• Marathi :Paraval
• Gujarathi :Paraval
• Bengali :Patol
• Tamil :Kambu Podalai
• Malayalum :Patolm

SYNONYMS

• Patola: It possesses digestive systemPanduphala: It’s fruit is whitish grey coloured.
• Karkasacchad: It’s leaves are rough.
• Kulaka: It bears a group of very good properties like Vrysyatva etc.
• Bijagarbha:Seeds are present in the hollow part of the fruit.
• Rajiphala:It’s fruit possesses white stripes all long.
• Panca Rajiphala
• Amrtaphala
• Tiktottama
• Nagaphala
• Kustari
• Prateeka
• Rajeya
• Kustaha

VARIETIES

According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu

• Patola
• Raja Patolika

According to Sodhala Nighantu

• Patolika
• Patola
• Patoli

According to Bhavamisra

• Patola
• Patolika

 

 

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTIONS

FRUIT: Moisture, protein, oxalic acid, iodine, fluorine, 5-hydroxytryptamine.

SEED: 29%- 30% dark reddish green oil, oieic, linoleic. Fatty acid consist of trichosanic or oleostearic acid.

Extracts of seeds contain haemagglutinating activity.

ROOTS: Amorphous saponin, trichosanthin, hentriacontane, colocynthin.

WHOLE PLANT: Cucurbita-5, 24- dienol.

 

PROPERTIES

Rasa : Tikta, Katu

Guna : Laghu, Ruksha

Virya : Usna

Vipaka : Katu

Doshagnata : Vata – Pittahara

KARMA

• According to Bhavaprakasa Nighantu:

Vrnya, Hridya, Kaphagna.

• According to Madanaphala Nighantu:

Pachanakaraka, Dhatuposhaka,

Agnidepaka, Hridya.

• According to Shodala Nighantu:

Shulagna.

AMAYIKA PRAYOGA

• Jvara, Krimi,Kasa, Kandu, Kusta, Kaamala, Rakta vikara. (BHAVAPRAKASA NIGHANTU)
• Kandu, Daha, Trisha, Kota, Kusta, Jvaranasha, Raktavikara.(KAIYADEVA NIGHANTU)
• Kandu, Raktavikara, Jvara, Daha, Kustaroga.

(RAJA NIGHANTU)

• Halaka, Jvara, Vatarakta, Kriminasha.

(MADANAPALA NIGHANTU)

• Amlapitta, Jvara, kamala.

(DHANVANTARI NIGHANTU)

• madhatyaye, Visarpa, Kusta, Raktapitta, Shota, Jvara.

(CHARAKA CHIKISTA)

• Netraroga, Vidaruka.

(SUSHRUTASAMHITA)

PHARMACO THERAPEUTICAL ACTION AND USES

• Leaves of the plan are used as Antipyretic, Diuretic, Cardiotonic, Laxative, Antiulcer etc…
• Leaves used in Edema and Alopecia.
• Fruits are prescribed for patient suffering from the disorders of circulatory system.

THERAPEUTICAL USES

• INDRALUPTA: Local application of the juice of Patola leaves will cure Alopecia in 3 days.

(SHA SAM 3/11)

• MEDOROGA: Decoction of Patola and Citraka along with Satapuspa and Hingu shall be taken. (P CHI 39/20)
• NETRAROGA:Patola cooked as vegetable with ghee is useful.

(SHU .SAM UT 17/51)

• RAKTAPITTA: Patra churna or Kwatha or Svarasa with honey is given

(CHA. SAM)

• PITTHASLESHMA JVARA: Nimba bark and Patola panchanga kwatha is given.

(CHAKRADATTHA)

• PITTHAJA MASURIKA: Patola mulakwatha is given.

(CHAKRADATTHA)

• VATAVYADHI:Soup of Patola fruits is light, alleviates vata and promotes semen.(CHAKRADATTHA)

 

FOLKLORE USE

• Decoction of leaves for Amenorrhea.
• Juice of fresh leaves for granular conjunctivitis in children. Also used to prevent the lids from adhering at night from excessive melbomian secretion.
• Juice of leaves also used externally for sores and various animal bites.
• Pulp of fruits used internally like calcocynth to cause vomiting and purging.
• Powdered dried fruit used made into snuff for use by afflicted with jaundice.
• Seed oil used for dermatitis.
• Poultice of leaves for hemorrhoids.

PART USED

 

• Fruits
• Leaf
• Roots
• Panchanga (DHANVANTARI NIGHANTU)

 

MATRA

• Churna : 3-6 grams
• Svarasa : 10- 20 ml
• Kwatha : 50 -100 ml

 

VISHISHTA YOGA’S

	Reference	Indication
Patoladi kvatha	Chakradatta	Visphotaka fever
Kalingadi kvatha	Chakradatta	Jvara
Patoladi gana kvatha	Astanga hrdaya sutra	Amlapitta
Patola sunti ghritam	Chakradatta	Amlapitta
Patoladi ghritam	Ckakradatta	Ahiputana
Patoladi kvatha	Yogaratnakara	Upadamsa
Patoladya ghritam	Chakradatta	Chakshusya,Visarpa,Gandamala,Kaamala, Kusta, Mukaroga, Avrana sukra

 

RESEARCH STUDIES

• Seed extract of Trichosanthes dioica lowered Blood sugar, Serum cholesterol and triglyceride and increased the levels of phospholipids and HDL- cholesterol in rabbits.

 

PATHA – CISSAMPELOS PEREIRA LINN

INTRODUCTION

 

In Vedic period or literature “Patha” have been described. It has synonyms like utttnapasna, devajuta, sahamana, sahiyas and sahasvasi are also mentioned.

Vedic texts quoted it as viryrvahi, vishaghna, rakshoghna, medya, karnya and garbha sthapaka.

Rigveda denotes it as sapatnibhadhana and vashikarana. In atharvana veda it is utilized for improving the I.Q and conquesing the opponent during debates.

Sajana considered it as uttanaparna.

 

 

Synonyms

 

• Patha-which makes voice clear and sweet.
• Ambashtaka- providing alsound wellbeing of the people or

protect the people from diseases like a mother.

• Pracheena-Drug is usedfrom ancient period.
• Paapachelika- Alleviating the diseases.
• Ekashtika- Fruits having single stony seeds.
• Varatikta-An important Tikta dravya.
• Maalavi-Growing mostly in the eastern part of our country in

places like

• Bhodaki-Stimulates digestive power.
• Veera- A potent drug.
• Sthapani –useful in diarrohhea and dysentery.
• Vrutiparnika- leaves are round in shape.
• Varuni-stabilizes body fluid.
• Vruki-releaves diseased condition.
• Vishaghni-destroys poison.

KINDS AND VARIETIES

 

Charaka mentioned two varities of Patha where as Sushruta and Vaghbhata described one variety.

Charaka mentioned patha and ambashta separately in the Pushyanuga churna.

Two varieties are described by Kaiyadeva are :

• Raja Patha-Cyclea peltata
• Laghu Patha-Cissapelos pariera.

Vernacular names

 

English	Valvet leaf
Hindi	Padhi
Kannada	Agara shunti, padadavera.
Telugu	Chiruboddi.
Tamil	Vattatiruppi
Gujarati	Venivel
Malayalam	Kattuvaui.
Bengali	Akanadi.

 

 

 

Officinal part

• Root
• Leaves
• Bark

 

Dosage

• Choorna-1-3 gms
• Kashaya- 50-100 ml.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chemical composition

 

• Furanoid bitter principle tinosperine and a furanoid diterpene tinosporide and tinosporidine, beta-sitosterol from stems.cordifol, hepatacasanol and octacosanol from leaves.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Properties

• Rasa –tikta, katu.
• Guna- laghu, tikshna
• Veerya-ushna
• Vipaka-katu
• Doshaghnata-kapha-pitta shamaka.

 

Actions

1. Vishaghna
2. Balya
3. Shulaghna
4. Kapha-pitta jwarahara
5. Kushtaghna
6. Hrudya
7. Chardi nigrahana
8. Atisaraghna
9. Daha

10.Krimighna

11.Gulma

12.Vrana

 

 

 

Indications

 

1. Atidara
2. Chhardi
3. Shoola
4. Jwara
5. Kushta
6. Kandu
7. Hrudroga
8. Gulma
9. Yoniroga

 

Therapeutic uses

 

• Arshas- kashaya, kwatha, shunti, jeeraka and bilwa given internally.
• Atisara-Patha choorna, dadima swarasa or dadhi given internally.
• Lavan meha- Patha agaru kashay , lavana.
• Antar vidradhi- internal axespatha mula with kandridaka madhu.
• Atisara , daha and parikartita- pathamula choorna with dadhi given internally.
• Plihodara- patha moola choorna with tandulodaka given internally

 

Formulations

• Pushyanuga choorna
• Pradarantata loha
• Sarasvasa ghrita
• Brihat ganghadara choorna
• Sarivadyaristha
• Chandanasava
• Vidangasava
• Lokanathasasa
• Pradarasi loha
• Kutajashtaka choorna

 

PATALA

Botanical Name : Stereospermumsuaveolens(Roxb) DC

Family : Bignoniaceae

 

It is botanically identified as Stereospermumsuaveolens D.C which belongs to Bignoniaceae family. The drug is commonly a big tree, documented to posses beneficial effects as cardiotonic , cooling , tonic and diuretic. It overcomes anorexia, difficult breathing, anasarca , piles , vomiting, hiccups and thirst. It is a constituent of Dashamoola.

BHEDA (VARIETIES)

Two varieties have been mentioned by Bhavaprakasha as Patala and Sitapatala. Patala is identified as stereospermumsuaveolens DC and Sitapatala as Stereospermumchelonoides DC, both have similar properties. According to Thakur Balwant Singh, Kastapatala and Moksaka are different varieties of trees. It is identified as SchreberaswientenoidesRoxb(Oleaceae).

Bhavaprakasa has described Moksaka as a separate drug in vatadivarga.

Accordingly Moksaka may not be suitable as synonym for Patala.

PARYAYANAMA (SYNONYMS)

 

• Patala/Pachli/Ambuvasini

: The flowers are used for scenting water

• Amogha : Used as an important unfailing drug
• Madhuduthi : Flowers contain lot of honey in vasantartu.
• Phaleruha : Big tree emerged from seeds
• Krishnavrantta : Petioles are dark in colour
• Kuberashree : Seeds resemble eye ball
• Kalasthali/Krishnavrantakakusuma

: Flowers are pleasant smelled and full of honey and attracted by bees.

• Thamrapushpi : Flowers are coppery coloured
• Shthiragandha : Flowers have stable aroma
• Kumbipushpi : Flowers resemble pitcher
• Kharachada : Bark is rough

GANA / VARGA

• Charaka – Sothahara
• Sushrutha – Brhatpanchamula , Adhobhagahara,

Aragvadhadi

• Vagbhata – Aragvadhadi
• Kula – Syonakakula

 

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

Hindi – Patala ,Pader , Padri , Parral, Padiri

English – Rose flower fragrant

Telugu – Kaligottu, Godallippulusu, Ishikarasi

Kannada – Padarimara ,Hadari , Kalludure

Malayalam – Padiri ,kachasthali , Kuberakshi

Tamil – Padarimaram

Tibetan – Pa ta li dkarpo

Marati – Padal ,Kirsal , Koosga , Padhri

UPAYUKTA ANGA (PARTS USED)

Mulatawak (root,heart, bark),

Leaves,flowers, fruits and seeds.

Description of the part:

Mula occurs in about 6-9 cm long , 1-1.5cm thick cut pieces, cylindrical , extremely externally brown to creamy, rough due to vertical fissures , cracks , ridges and transverse fine lenticels, internally dark brown , lamellation of stratification due to presence of concentric bands of fibers, feature – tough and fibrous , odour – not distinct, taste – bitter.

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Bitter substances, sterols, glycosids and glyco alkaloids.

Root bark contains bitter substance. Lapachol isolated which showed highly significant activity against walker 256 carcinoma.

Lapachol ,Scuttellarrein, Dehydrotectol, ceryl alcohol, oleic, Palmitic, Stearic acid .

Calcium (U.I/mg) – 1670.00

Manganese (U.I/mg) – 5.41

GUNA / KARMA

(PROPERTIES)

 

Rasa : Tikta, Kashaya

Guna : Laghu ,Ruksa

Virya : Anushna

Vipaka : Katu

Dosha Karma : Tridoshashamaka

Prabhava : Raktabharshamak

FLOWERS AND FRUITS

1. Rasa – Kashaya
2. Virya – Sita
3. Guna – Laghu, Ruksha
4. Vipaka – Madhura

ROGAGNAKARMA (PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION)

• Ruchya
• Shvashaghna
• Shothaghna
• Raktaprakropaka
• Chardhinigrahana
• Hikkanigrahana
• Thrushnanigrahana
• Vedhanasthapana
• Vranaropana
• Grahi
• Yakrathejaka
• Ashmarinashana
• Paustika
• Vajikara

AMAYAKA PRAYOGA (THERAPEUTIC USES)

Patala is bitter, astringent, cardio tonic, cooling, tonic and diuretic. It overcomes anorexia , difficult breathing, ansarca , piles, vomiting, hiccups & thirst. It is constituent of Dashamoola. Root is bitter, healing , useful in kapha andvata and for inflammations, eructations, vomiting , asthma, fevers , diseases of blood. Root bark is cooling , diuretic tonic. Bark is vatakaphashamaka. Fruits and flowers are vatapittashamaka. Flowers are astringent, sweet, agreeable to heart, useful in bleeding diseases and diarrhea. They are vajikar, paustika and sitala and are taken in the form of confection as aphrodisiac. Fruitis useful in hiccough and blood diseases.

Pushpa are used to make water scented. They are vajikara and paushtika. In Hikka, the Rasa of the Pushpa is given with Madhu.

In Madhumeha, asmani and mutraghata, the panchangaksara is given with taila.

In Amla pitta, twakphanta is given.

The ghanakwatha of mula is mixed with taila and applied externally in the Agnidagdha region.

Patala is useful in Kapha and Vatapradhanaroga.

PHARMALOGICAL ACTION

 

1. Antihyperglycemic and antionidant activities.
2. Anti inflammatory effect
3. Hepatoproteective activity
4. Anticancer activity
5. Lapachol is a vitamin K antagonist with antitumor activity.

MATHRA (DOSE)

1. TwakChoorna – 5-10gms
2. Twakkwatha – 25-50mL
3. Pushpaswarasa – 10-20mL
4. Ksara – 5 gm

AUSHADHAYOGA (FORMULATIONS)

• Brihatpanchamulaadikwatha
• Amritharishta
• Dasamularishta
• Bharangiguda
• Indukantaghrta
• Dhanwantaritailam
• Dasamulakwathachoorna
• Agastya haritakirasayana
• Brihatmasataila
• Darunagaradikwathachoorna
• Dashamoolkathuthraykwathachurna
• Dasamoolsatpalakaghritha
• Madhyama Narayana taila
• Mritasanjivanisura
• Narayana taila
• Sahacharaditaila
• Vayucchayasurendrataila
• Dadhikaghritha
• Dashamoolataila
• Mahapanchagavyaghritha
• Mushikadyataila
• Prabhanjanavimardanataila
• Shirashooladivajra rasa
• Danthyadyarishta
• Dashamoolapanchakoladikwathachoorna
• Dashamoolagritha
• Dhanwantharaghritha
• Lashunadighritha
• Mahavishagarbataila
• Rasnadikwathachoorna
• Sukumarghritha

 

 

PALASHA – BUTEA MONOSPERMA LAMPALASHA

BUTEA MONOSPERMA LAM

The plant buteamonosperma Lam belongs to fabaceae (legaminaceae) family. The sanskrith word Palasha literally means that which looks like a flesh or blood. It acts as krimighnaaction.

In English it is known by the name “flame of the forest”. The colour of the flower is orange – red because of this colour it is known by the name “flame of the forest”.

This is the beautiful tree is sacred to soma, the moon is sacrificial and is frequently mentioned in the Vedas. Its flowered are offered to the gods. It is sometimes represented as a sacred tree of Buddhists .

 

LITERARY VIEW

It is the most important plants for the (ritual) according to Vedic literature. Its gum (red coloured) is also described inVedic texts. Palasha is considered as the best among the herbs and is quoted as Medhajanana in Kaushika sutra. Palasha paste is applied externally in case of jalodara (ascites). It is also used in Krimirogawhile KeshavaPadhathi described it as Panacia.

Through Brihatrayi quoted it extensively, charaka did not include under any of the Vargas. Susrutha and vagbattadescribed it under 4 gana’s .Palasha while considering it as Kaphapitta Prasamana. It is mainly indicated inPramehapleehodara, vidharika and apatanaka. Charaka mentioned it in the management of Athisara, rakthapitta, Kustha , Rakthagulma etc.

Its vayasthapana properly is emphasized by Rajamarthanda.

 

 

 

 

 

SYNONYMS

 

• Palasha
• Kimsuka
• Triparna
• Beejasneha
• Rakthapushpaka
• Samidvuara
• Brahma Vriksha
• Vatapoda
• Brahmopanethra
• Ksharashreshta
• Yajnika
• Putdru
• Karma
• Yajnaka
• Ganeruka
• Vatuparni
• Dvijasneha
• Trivrita

 

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

English : flame of the forest tree, Bastard teak

Hindi : Dhaka

Kannada : Muttuga

Malayalam : Pilasa, Pala

Sanskrith : Palasha

Marathi : Palas

Tamil : Murukka, Parasa, Pilasa

Telugu : Modug, Palasama

Bengali : Palash

Gujarati : Khakharo

Punjabi : Chichra ,Dhak, palas

PART USED

• Stem bark
• Flowers
• Seeds
• Gum – resin
• Alkali
• Leaves
• Roots

 

 

MATHRA

Tvakkashaya ® 50 – 100 ml

Beejachoora ® 3 – 6 gms

Pushpachurna ® 3 – 6 gms

Gum – resin ® 1 – 3 gms

 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

The skin of bark and resin contain tannic and gallic acids. The plant gives the resin gum called as Bengal gum or Buteagum .

The seed contain 18% of a yellow oil called “ Kino oil” Proteolylic and lypolytic enzymes, palasonin, B – sito – sterol, and amyr

in, Monosperminlextins and lactone. The alkaloid – palasonin – from the seeds is effecive an anthelminitic , especially in round worm infestations. Synthesis of a coumaranoneglucoside – palasitrin from the plant and palasonin from the seeds. Glycerides of palmitic , stearic, lignoceric, oleic and linoleic acid from seed oil isolated. A new alkaloid – Monospermin – isolated of butrin and Isolated. A new alkaloid Monospermin – isolated ofbutrin and Isobutrin from the flower.

Flower ®butin , IsolatedcorcopsinMonospermoside , butin (Major glucoside ) Ismonospermside, corcopsin, palasitrin

Roots®glycerine ,jalaricestors I,II, III, and IV etc

Gum®leuco cyaniding, procyanidin etc.

PROPERTIES

	Seeds	Flower
Rasa	Katu , tikta, kashaya
Guna	Laghu , snigdha , theekshna	Laghu , Rooksha
Veerya	Ushnaveerya	Seethaveerya
Vipaka	Katuvipaka	Madhuravipaka
Dashagnatha	Kaphavathagna	Kaphapittagna
Prabhava	Bhagnasandhanaka

 

KARMA

• Krimigna
• Deepana
• Grahi
• Yakrithuthejaka
• Bedhana
• Thrishnanashaka
• Anulomana
• Rakthasthambaka
• Pramehagna
• Garbhanirodhaka
• Jvaraghna
• Vishagna
• Rasayana
• Netraroga
• Balya
• Kushtagna
• Uhtejaka
• Rakthasa

 

PRAYOGA

• Krimiroga
• Agnimandya
• Udararoga
• Pleeharoga
• Rakthapitha
• Thrishna
• Daha
• Juara
• Matrakritcha
• Prameha
• Shukradaubatcha
• Charmavikara
• Asthibagn
• Visha
• Andhravridhi
• Vrishikadamsa
• Sleepada
• Rakthavikara
• Gulma
• Soola
• Grahani
• Arsas
• Athisara

MEDICINAL USES

 

• Fever

In case of burning sensation in fever, the tendar leaves of palasha ,badari or nimba should be pounded with sour gruel and this cold paste should be applied on the body to alleviate burning sensation

(-B.P.ci 1/360)

• Diarrhoea

Decoction of palasha fruit mixed with milk should be given followed by intake of warm milk according to strength. By this , imparity is eliminated and this diarrhea is checked

( C.S.ci 19/ 59 – 60)

• Cough

Palashaseeds ,Udumbara fruits and Maricha taken together alleviates cough within 3 days.

( V.P 3/16)

• Filaria

Juice of palasha roots mixed with oil yellow mustard an equal quantity should be taken .

(V.M 42/13)

 

• Eye diseases

Pittikaconjuctivities

1. Flowers of palsha should be subbed with honey and used as collyrium. (S.S.V10/9)
2. Exuodate of palasha or shallaki mixedwith sugar and honey should be used as collyrium (S.S.V10/9)

• Pilla

3. Semi – solid extract of triphala or palasha flowers or apamarga should be used as collyrium (S.S.V12/50)

• Cornial opacity

4. Palasha seeds impregenated with phanijjaka juice are dries and powdered. It use as collyrium destroys corneal opacity

(B. s netraroga 167)

5. Karancha seeds impregenated many times with the juice of palasha flower is made in to a wick. Its application as collyrium destroys corneal opacity

• Cataract:

In Pittika cataract, juice of palasha , rohitaka and madhuka mixed with honey and wine – scum should be made is to semisolid extract and then used as collyrium(S.S.U.17/41)

• Scorpion – sting

Palasha seeds impregnated with arka latex should be made in to a paste and applied locally. It removes pain

(A.S.U.43/70)

• Pusvan

One leaf of palasha pounded with milk should he taken by the pregnant woman .Thus she achieves powerful son

(B.PCL70/30)

11 Instrinsichaemorrhage

1. On e should take ghee cooked with the juice of palasa plant cooled and mixed with honey or same processed with juice of nyagrodadi drugs or simply ghee extracted of milk and added with sugar.

(S.S . U.45/29)

2. Ghee cooked with juice of palasa petioles and the paste of the same should be given with honey it checks bleeding similarly acts that cooked with trayamana (A.H.ci.2/43)
3. Worms

Decotion ofpalasa seed or paste of the same with rice water should be taken ( S.S.U. 54/25)

13. Colic

Soup prepared with palasa or danyak mixed with sugar should be taken

(S.S.U.42/107)

14. Rakthagulma

Palashakshara andgritta (C.S.ci.5/173)

15. Rasayana

Palasa seeds and vidanga mixed with juice of Aamlaki fruits, honeyand ghee should be taken for a month. It makes the old young. (R.M.33.5)

RESEARCH STUDIES

• Alcholicextract of the seeds on oral administration produced antiferitlity activity in female mice and rats . the extract partially inhabited ovulation and significally suppressed the deciduas cell reaction in rats – the LD in mice was found to be 7.5 g/kg
• The alcoholic extract of the flower petals reported to possess anti – ostrogeniceffect of at a dose of 3.2 mg/kg per day.
• Chronic administration of B frondosa by oral route for 2 months produced masked nephrotoxicity and anaemia in rats , dogs and rabbits congestation in lives, lungs and spleen was observed.
• Palasonin and its piperzaine salt exhibited good anthelminitic activity in vitro on ascrislambricoids and in vivo on Toxicaracanis, compasingfavourably with piperazine and santonin.
• Alcoholic extract of seeds prevented pregnancy in rats at a dose of 300 mg/ kg on days 1 to 4 of pregnancy . At higher dose it was toxic flowers also showed encouraging anti – implantation activity in rats at a dose of 300 mg/ kg.
• Flower extract exhibited antihepatoxicity activity .
• Seeds given orally effective in round warm and thread worm infestations but in effective in case of tapeworm nausea, vomiting , dizziness , general weakness and pain in abdomen regularly observed as side effects .
• Oil obtained from seeds of B superba in a dose of 120 mg/kg showed a marked and prolonged fall in B.P with no effect in respiration

FORMULATIONS

• Palashabeejathichurna
• Palashaksharaghritha
• Palashakshara
• Palashaksharataila
• Kriminudgara Rasa

Nirvisha

(Delphinium.denudatum )

The Generic name is the ancient Greek name Delphinium for Larkspur and is derived from Greek word Delphis, a dolphin referring to the nectary of plants to the imaginary figure of Dolphin.

 

 

Delphinium is a genus of about 300Species of Perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of Tropical Africa.

 

 

The common name lackspur is shared between perennial Delphinium species & annual species of the genus consolida. Molecular data shows that Consolida, as well as another segregate genus Aconitella are both embedded in Delphinium.

 

 

A common species from 1500 – 2700m Delphinium denudatum & chaudhri as described by authors is supposed to differ from the type variety in the 3 lobed deeply divided leaves, the ultimate segments being narrowly linear. In the type variety the leaves are Variable, generally the leaves are 5 lobed with broader segments but occasionally on the same plant the radical leaves are broad & upper stem leaves are 3-5 lobed with narrow linear segments .Similarly Delphinium denudatum & Chaudhri described with broader leaf segments does not differ substantially for the type variety.

 

 

‘Visalyakarni’ not mentioned in Vriddhatrayi and not either in Dhanwanthari & Raja nighantu also Vaidyaka Sabda has mentioned it as ‘Nirvishi’ & ‘Ayapana’. Ayapana is very famous in Bengal outside Bengal only few know about it.

 

‘Visalyakarni’ is famous plant mentioned in Ramayana when Rama & Laxmana were unconscious physician Susena asked Hanuman to bring this plant from Dronachala Mountain. Hanuman went there but couldn’t identify the plant as tutored by Susena. So he lifted the whole Dronachal Mountain and brought it to Lanka. Susena squeezed out the juice from the plant and instilled drops in both nostrils and thus both brothers were brought to their senses.

 

‘Ayapana’ is an under shrub, ascending branching, glabrous. It cannot be Visalyakarni but as many believe it so.Visalyakarni was a celestial (divya) plant. Many divya plants have been mentioned in Charaka and Susruta but they are not known nowadays. It requires divya dristi(divine eyes) to see them.

 

 

 

LITERARY REVIEW

The drug ‘Nirvisha’ is quoted in Raja Nighantu .It is explained under Pippalyadi Varga. Nirvisha reference can be got from Susruta Samhitha – Uttara Sthana under the name of Vishahara Dravya’s.

VERNACULAR NAMES

English : Larkspur

 

Hindi : Jadravar, Nirvishi ,Paathali ,Nirbisha

 

Kannada : Nirvishi

 

Marathi : Nirvishi, Mustu

 

Bengali : Nirvibishi ,Swethagothubi

 

Nepali : Nil bikh

 

Telugu : Nirvishi ,Anuang

 

Tamil : Nirhishi

Arabic : Jadwara

 

Malayalam : Nirvasi ,Mottenga ,Timottenga

 

PARTS USED

1. Root
2. Seed

DOSAGE

Moola Choorna: – 500mg – 1gm

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Alkaloids Viz, Delphine & Staphisagrine.

An Alkaloid Delphocurarine has been extracted from root by Merck.Diterpene Alkaloids – Denudatine, Denudatidine from roots.

Roots –Sterols – Compesterol, Stigmasterol ,Silosterol, Cholestero & Aranasterol & Alkaloids – Denudatidine, Denudatidine, Condelphine & Taletizidine, Delphinine & Staphisagrine.

 

 

PROPERTIES AND DOSHAGNATHA

 

 

Rasa : Thiktha, Katu

 

Guna : Laghu , Rooksha.

 

Virya : Ushna.

 

Vipaka : Katu.

 

Dosha Karma : Tridosha Shamaka

 

 

STROTOGAMITRA

Dosha: Kaphaghna, Vataghna

Dhatu: Raktagami, Mamsavardhak

Mala: Malashoshani

Origin: Heart

KARMA

 

Doshakarma: – Tridosha shamaka

 

Samstahnika Karma:-

Bahya: – Shothahara, Lekhana, Vishagna, Vedanasthapana.

ABHYANTARA

• Nadisamsthana :- Balya, Vatahara
• Pachansamsthana:-Deepana, Aamapchana, Pittasaraka, Anulomana
• Raktavahasamsthana :- Hridya, Raktashodaka
• Shwasanasamsthana :- Kaphahara
• Prajananasamsthana :- Vajeekarana, Artava janana
• Mutravahasamsthana:- Asmari nashana, Mutrala
• Thapa Krama:- Jwaragna
• Satmeekarana :- Uttejaka, Katu postika
• Uttama Vishagna:- Sarpa, Vatsanabha, Hrth patree Visa

 

PRAYOGA

Samsthanika Prayoga:-

 

Bahya: – Shotha, Varna vikara, Kusta, Vedana used as lepa. It is chewed in dantashoola. Used as lepa in Sarpa Visa

 

Abhyantara:-

 

• Nadisamsthana :- Nadi dourbalya , Vivida Vata vyadhi(Pakshaghatha , Ardita , Akshepaka)
• Pachansamsthana :- Agni mandya , Aamadosha , Kamala , Udara roga
• Raktavahasamsthana :- Hrid dourbalya , Upadamsa
• Shvasana Samsthana:-Prathishchaya , Khasa , Shvasa
• Prajananasamsthana :- Vajeekarana, Kasta Artava
• Mutravahasamsthana:- Asmari , Mutra Kriccha
• Thapa Karma:- Jwara
• Satmeekarana :- Uttejaka , Balya

 

PHARMACOLOGY

It is a Vata, Pitta & Kapha suppressant. It helps in reducing the inflammation & also helps in relieving pain. It helps in curbing the infection happening in the body & wounds. It is a good nervine tonic & makes the nervous system strong. It improves digestion & normalizes the peristaltic movements in the gut. It stimulates heart for normal functioning & also helps in purifying the infected blood. It checks the respiratory system by expelling out extra mucus from it. It is a good aphrodisiac agent & also normalizes the menstrual cycle.

 

FOLKLORE USES

Its root is astringent, Vulnerary, deobstruent, alternative. It is used for painful piles, Muscular atrophy, and gout & as a nervine tonic. Also used as an adulterant for aconite.

Oral administration of aqueous extract of plants to rats with ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity revealed hepatopeotective property of plant.

Local application of Nirvisa is best anti- dote in poisoning by snake, Strychnine & digitalis.

 

THERAPEUTIC USES

1. Visa roga: – Root powder is used in treatment of snake bites, aconite poisoning & digitalis poisoning.
2. Danta roga:- Root is chewed to relieve tooth ache

 

In classical books of Unani medicine, Jadwar is referred as anti-pyretic, anti-septic vulnerary, detergent, diuretic, exhilavant, resolvant, anti-inflammatory, demuliant, Sedative, Analgesic, Aphrodisiac, Anti-dote, Cardio tonic, General tonic, Brain & nervine tonic &tonic for viscera, teeth stomach, Vision & Principal Organs. Jadwar has been recommended for treatment of Paralysis, epilepsy, Facial palsy, Insanity, Mania hysteria atony, Migraine ,Numbness, tremors, infantile convulsions, aconite poisoning, Snake bite, Scorpion Sting , Opium addiction, Arthritis, Cardiac weakness, Palpitation, Rheumatism, Tooth ache, all kinds of pain, Leucoderma & for improving skin complexion.

MEDICINAL USES

 

All parts of the plant contain various diterpenoid alkaloids typified by methylcaconitine, so are very poisonous. In small amounts, extracts of the plant have been used in herbal medicine.

Delphinium is used to treat intestinal worms, fluid retention, poor appetite & trouble sleeping (Insomnia).It is also used as a Sedative to cause relaxation. Gerard’s herbal reported that drinking the seed of Larkspur was thought to help against the Stings of Scorpions & that other poisonous animals could not move even when covered by the herb, but that he did not believe this himself. Mrs. Greive reports that the seeds can be used against parasites, especially Lice & their nits in the hair. A tincture is used against asthma deopsy.

The plant was connected to Saint Odile of Alsace, a paleoness of good eyesight & so in popular medicine was used against eye diseases.

 

 

 

MUCHAKUNDA

Pterospermum acerifolium willd.,

 

It is botanically identified asPterospermum acerifolium, which belongs to the family Sterculiaceae.

 

LITERARY REVIEW

 

It is a tree with whitish yellow flower and is abundantly seen in Karnataka.

Susruta quoted Muchukunda under Granthi cikitsa (S.S.Ci.18/10).Apart from this we do not come across any references about this plant in Brihatrayi^s .However most of the nighantus emphasized in skin disorders,Vrana etc.

 

Pterospermum acerifolium (karnikara tree) is an angiosperm indigenous to Southeast Asia, from India to Burma. Today it is mainly cultivated in Pakistan and North American. It is most likely to grow naturally along forested stream banks. The best growing conditions are a seasonally moist then dry climate with access to full sunlight. Pterospermum acerifolium is an angiosperm that is traditionally included in the Sterculiaceae family; however, it is grouped in the expanded Malvaceae family as well. The classification Pterospermum is based on two Greek words, Pteron and Sperma, meaning “winged seed.” There is an array of common names for Pterospermum acerifolium, depending on the region where it is grown. It is commonly referred to as Kanak Champa or Karnikar Tree within its native range. Other common names include Bayur Tree, Maple-Leafed Bayur Tree, and Dinner Plate Tree. It is a relatively a large tree, growing up to thirty meters tall. Mostly planted as an ornamental or shade tree, the leaves, flowers, and wood of a Bayur Tree can serve a variety functions.

 

TYPES [BHEDA]

No types are mentioned in Ayurvedic text book

 

Botanical sources – Pterospermum acerifolium wild

– Pentapetes acerifolia Linn

SYNONYMS

GANAS OR VARGAS

 

 

 

• Kula – Pishachakarpasa kula
• Bhavaprakasha nighantu – Pushpa varga
• Raja nighantu – Karaveeradi varga
• Kaiyadeva nighantu – Oshadhi varga

 

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

 

 

• Hindi – Mucakuna
• Uriya – Konokochompa
• Tamil – Matsakanda
• Telugu – Lolugu
• Konkani – Kanokchampo
• Nepal – Hattipaila
• Burma – Thamajamwaisoke
• Bengal – Kanakchampa
• Philippines – Bayoc

 

 

DOSHAGHNATA

• Rasa – Kasaya, Katu
• Guna – Laghu,Ruksha
• Veerya – Usna
• Vipaka – Katu
• Doshaghnata – Tridoshghna

ACTIONS [ KARMA]

 

 

The various karmas enumerated are:

• Kaphaghna-kanthya.
• Kushtagna-tvacya-kandughna.
• Vrana ropana-shodana.
• Daha prashamana.

 

USAGE [ PRAYOGA]

 

• Sira shoola.
• Mosurika-dhaha
• Vedana pradhana vata vikara.
• Kasa-Shwasa-Svara bheda
• Visa
• Twagvikara-kustha-kandu

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• Flowers
• Kaempferol – 3-0-galactoside
• Luteolin – 7-0-glucoside
• Luteolin – 7-0-glucuronide
• Kaempferide -7-0-beta-glucopyranoside
• Friedelanol
• Beta-sitosterol
• Mixture of acids
• Saturated hydrocarbons

Flowers contain volatile oil (responsible for aroma in flowers) and the seeds yield an yellowish oil 22.6 percent.

 

UPAYUKTANGA-USEFUL PART

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Flowers

 

POSOLOGY [ MATRA]

• Powder 3 -6gm

 

 

THERAPEUTIC USES

• The drug mucakunda pacifies tridoshas and raktapitta.
• The drug is blood purifier haemostatics,analegesic and anti-pruritic.It is benefecial for throat.
• Externally the flowers of drug mucakunda are pounded with water and applid over head as the flowers of mucakunda relieves headache immediately which is an important medicinal utiity in classical uses of muchakunda.
• Mucakunda is recommended for external application as a paste over vidradhi.
• The drug in general is considered useful in kasa,tvag dosha,visha,kandu or pama,kantha vikara,shotha shofa,rakta dosha –rakta vikara and vedana vikara.
• The oil is prepared with the flowers of Mucakunda (flowers cooked in tila taila or sesome oil according tailapaka vidhi) and the oil is applied to head.
• A paste of flowers was applied over the forehead for providing relief during headache, hemicranias.
• It was also used externally to small pox.
• The flowers and bark are charred and mixed with the powder of Mallotus philippinesis flowers for application to small pox.
• Muchakanda flowers credited with blood purifying, anti inflammatory, anti septic properties.

 

FOLKLORE USES

As mentioned before, one of the common names for Pterospermum acerifolium is the Dinner Plate Tree. The utilization of the leaves is exactly what the name depicts. Mature leaves are very large, reaching a length and width of up to thirty five centimeters.

They can be useas actual dinner plates or as packaging and storage by wrapping materials inside.

The leaves can also serve as a primitive method of re-enforcing roofs and preventing leaks. The pubescent under surface of the leaves is said to stop bleeding and can be used as tinder for a means of sparking fires.

The flowers of the Bayur tree can serve as a pleasant perfume and can even keep away insects. The flowers also provide a number of medicinal uses. An effective tonic can be prepared, as well as being used as a cure for inflammation, ulcers, blood problems, and even tumors.

The reddish wood of the Bayur Tree can be used for planking. Because the wood is soft, it is not considered to be very strong. However it is incredibly durable and somewhat flexible, making it perfect for planking and wooden boxes. The Bayur Tree even serves a cultural function. Local Hindu people employ the plant for religious purposes

 

 

IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS

[VISHISHTA YOGAS]

 

• Himanshu taila

RESEARCH STUDY

 

In an earlier study in our laboratory, the ethanolic extractof P. acerifolium were found to possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The work was aimed at the scientific validation of the ethnopharmacological claim about effect of bark extract on oxidative damages in the gastric tissue during alcohol inducedulceration. As ulcers are essentially due to imbalance between offensive and defensive factor2,3, the effect of alcoholic extract of P.acerifolium on offensive factors like acidpepsin.

The effect of Pterospermum acerifolium (150, 300mg/kg) on gastric secretion (volume, pH, total acidity and peptic activity) was studied in Pylorus ligated rats, Pterospermum acerifoliumwas administeredorally 30 min. pyloric ligation. The animals were sacrificedafter 4 hours following pyloric ligation,1 gastric content were controlledand analyzed for volume, acidity ,pH and peptic activity.